Application of aneuploid plants to plant breeding in genus Nicotiana

非整倍体植物在烟草属植物育种中的应用

基本信息

批准号：
62560003
负责人：
NIIZEKI Minoru
金额：
$ 1.28万
依托单位：
Faculty of Agriculture, Hirosaki University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1987
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1987 至 1988
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Aneuploids have been useful for studying the genetics of many plant species and have possibility to be used for plant breeding. Firstly, in order to investigate the genic balance influenced by addition of an extra chromosome to diploid and haploid complements, an experiment was carried out on the production of trisomic (2n+1) and disomic haploid (n+1)plants in Nicotiana sylvestris (n=x=12). F_1 plants between triploid and diploid were backcrossed with the diploid plants. Sixty one trisomic plants were selected from the B_1 progenies. These trisomic plants were grouped into 12 types by the leaf shape and flower morphology. The anther culture was performed using the 12 types of trisomics. Among the obtained disomic haploids 5 types of plants developed frower organ. The flower of disomic haploid derived from B220 trisomic plant was conspicuously small and malformed, while the corresponding trisomic plant produced normal and remarkably larger flowers and leaves than the normal diploid. Thu … More s , trisomic line B220 will be very useful as a cultivar. However, in seed-propagated species, the low transimission of the extra chromosome has prevented such plants from becoming agriculturally useful cultivars. In line B220, the transfer of the extra chromosome in 2n x 2n+1 crosses was very low. This was due to the delayed development of n+1 pollen grains, which are not full maturity at the time of anthesis. The transfer of the extra chromosome in 2n x 2n+1 crosses was increased by a 1 day delay in pollination and also by pollination of small pollen grains selected through nylon meshes. Especially, pollen selected by using 30 and 25 m nylon meshes induced an extremely high transfer of the extra chromosome, namely 51.9% and 70.4%, respectively. Secondly, pollen grains in the anthers of disomic haploids of B220 treated before culture with physical mutagen such as X-rays, may be a useful method to induce the duplication of a chromosome segment which induces large leaf and flower. Doubling of genome may result in homozygous plantlets in the portion of duplicated chromosome segment. We realized many chromosome aberrations in plantlets induced by the anther treated by X-rays. No single plant with a useful duplication of the chromosome segment for agronomic character, however, has been achieved until now. It seems that in order to attempt to produce a specific duplication which is useful agriculturally, a huge number of translocations will be required. Less

非整倍体对于研究许多植物物种的遗传学非常有用，并且有可能用于植物育种。首先，为了研究通过在二倍体和单倍体完成中添加额外的染色体影响的遗传平衡，对尼古氏菌Sylvestris（n = x = x = 12）的三叶粒子（2N+1）和疾病单倍体（n+1）植物的产生进行了实验。将三倍体和二倍体之间的F_1植物与二倍体植物进行了反涂后。从B_1后代选择了六十一植物。通过叶状和花形态将这些三化植物分为12种类型。使用12种类型的三化培养物进行了另一种培养。在获得的疾病单倍体中，有5种类型的植物发展为浮浮器器官。源自B220三体植物的疾病单倍体的花显着且畸形，而相应的三体植物比正常二倍体产生了正常且明显更大的花和叶子。 THU…更多S，Trisomic Line B220将作为品种非常有用。然而，在种子传播的物种中，多余的染色体的低递移使这些植物变得无用的品种。在B220行中，2n x 2n+1个杂交中额外的染色体的转移非常低。这是由于n+1花粉颗粒的延迟发展，这不是。在花时完全成熟。 2n x 2n+1个杂交中额外的染色体的转移通过授粉1天延迟以及通过尼尔龙网丝选择的小花粉颗粒的授粉增加而增加。特别是，使用30和25 M尼龙网格选择的花粉会诱导多余的染色体转移，分别为51.9％和70.4％。其次，在用物理诱变（例如X射线）培养前处理过的B220的疾病单倍体的花粉颗粒可能是诱导染色体段重复的一种有用方法，该方法可诱导大叶和花朵。双重基因组可能会导致重复的染色体节段的一部分中纯合植物。我们意识到X射线治疗的另一个植物性植物中的许多染色体畸变。然而，到目前为止，尚无单一的植物对农艺特征进行有用的复制。似乎为了尝试产生特定的重复，这非常重要，需要大量的易位。较少的