Impact of Deafness and Language Experience on Visual Development

耳聋和语言经验对视觉发育的影响

• 批准号: 9250908
• 负责人: RAIN G BOSWORTH
• 金额: $ 8.13万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-04-01 至 2019-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9250908
• 关键词: Address; Adult; Affect; Age; Area; Auditory; Auditory area; Basic Science; Child; Childhood; Clinical; Cochlear Implants; Collaborations; Contrast Sensitivity; Control Groups; Development; Dimensions; Discrimination; Face; Form Perception; Handedness; Health; Hearing; Hearing Impaired Persons; Hearing Tests; Individual; Infant; Laboratories; Language; Language Development; Language Tests; Learning; Left; Life; Literature; Manuals; Measures; Motion; Motion Perception; Outcome; Parents; Process; Recruitment Activity; Sign Language; Speech Perception; Stimulus; Surgeon; Testing; Time; Vision; Visual; Visual Fields; Visual Perception; auditory deprivation; cohort; critical period; deafness; developmental plasticity; experience; face perception; infancy; innovation; insight; interest; language comprehension; language processing; object perception; prevent; restoration; speech processing; standardize measure; vision development; visual plasticity; visual process; visual processing

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): While many studies have shown that vision is altered and/or enhanced in deaf people, it is not known how this develops. The current proposal is the first to study visual development in deaf people from infancy to adulthood, as well as in hearing restored (HR) children who received cochlear implants (CIs) by 18 months, a cohort that is increasingly on the rise. In Aim 1, we measure different visual abilities (including motion, form, face and object perception) in deaf and hearing infants (6 - 10 months), children (6 - 10 years) and adults, using comparable stimuli/paradigms across ages. Many deaf people use a visual language, American Sign Language (ASL), and thus to tease apart whether altered vision in deaf signers is due to deafness or to experience with ASL, we test a third control group of hearing signers, who were born to deaf signing parents and have roughly the same ASL experience as deaf people who also learned ASL early. In infants, we test these same three analogous groups (sign-exposed deaf infants, non-sign-exposed hearing infants, and sign-exposed hearing infants), as well as an additional control group, i.e., non-sign-exposed deaf infants. To test the effects of ASL further, we ask whether the degree of altered vision correlates with receptive ASL proficiency, as measured with standardized ASL tests. By understanding the developmental trajectory of altered vision due to deafness vs. ASL, we hope to elucidate mechanisms of developmental plasticity. Aim 2 asks whether there is an early critical period for the effects of deafness on visual perception, by investigating whether altered vision persists in HR children. We also measure receptive spoken language proficiency in HR children, which allows us to ask by when in development must auditory input be restored for auditory and speech processing to develop normally. This aim also addresses a growing concern in the CI field that altered early vision in deaf people may hinder the efficacy of the CI. Here, the idea is that if deafness leads to functional reallocation of auditory cortex for visual processing, this might prevent the auditory cortex from being properly stimulated by CIs. If this is true, we expect to find that HR individuals with the most altered vision will show the worse proficiency in receptive spoken language. The current proposal will be the first to test this "maladaptive hypothesis" early in development, and the results should have implications for optimizing best long-term language outcomes in CI children.

 描述（由申请人提供）：虽然许多研究表明聋哑人的视力会发生改变和/或增强，但目前尚不清楚这是如何发展的。当前的提案是第一个研究聋哑人从婴儿期到成年期的视觉发育的提案。以及在 18 个月时接受人工耳蜗 (CI) 的听力恢复 (HR) 儿童，这一群体的数量正在不断增加。在目标 1 中，我们测量了不同的视觉能力（包括运动、形状、面部和物体感知）。在聋哑人和听力正常的婴儿（6 - 10 个月）、儿童（6 - 10 岁）和成人中，使用不同年龄段的类似刺激/范式许多聋哑人使用视觉语言，即美国手语 (ASL)，从而进行区分。无论聋哑手语者的视力改变是由于耳聋还是由于 ASL 的经历，我们测试了第三组听力手语者的对照组，他们生来就有聋哑手语，并且与父母也很早就学习 ASL 的聋人有大致相同的 ASL 经历。婴儿，我们测试这三个相同的类似组（暴露于符号的聋哑婴儿、未暴露于符号的听力婴儿和暴露于符号的听力婴儿），以及一个额外的对照组，即，未暴露于符号的聋哑婴儿。 ASL 的影响进一步，我们询问视力改变的程度是否相关 通过了解耳聋与 ASL 导致的视力发育轨迹变化，我们希望阐明发育可塑性的机制，目标 2 是否存在影响 ASL 的早期关键期。通过调查 HR 儿童的视力改变是否持续存在，我们还测量了 HR 儿童的口语接受能力，这使我们能够询问在发育过程中何时必须恢复听觉输入。这一目标还解决了 CI 领域日益增长的担忧，即聋人早期视力的改变可能会阻碍 CI 的功效。 如果耳聋导致听觉皮层的功能重新分配以进行视觉处理，这可能会阻止听觉皮层受到 CI 的适当刺激。如果这是真的，我们预计。 发现视力变化最大的人力资源人员在接受性口语方面表现出较差的熟练程度。当前的提案将是第一个在开发早期测试这种“适应不良假设”的项目，其结果应该会对优化最佳长期效果产生影响。 CI 儿童的语言结果。