Effects of Biological Maturation and Visual Experience on Human Visual Developmen

生物成熟和视觉体验对人类视觉发育的影响

基本信息

批准号：
8326724
负责人：
RAIN G BOSWORTH
金额：
$ 36.71万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2008-09-30 至 2014-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8326724
关键词：
Accounting Address Adult Affect Age Animals Anisometropia Area Biological Birth Brain Cataract Child Conceptions Contrast Sensitivity Data Detection Development Discrimination Dizygotic Twins Environment Equilibrium Eye Eye Abnormalities Genes Genetic Human Infant Influentials Laboratories Learning Light Measures Mediating Metric Modeling Motion Nature Parents Pathway interactions Population Premature Infant Process Psychophysiology Refractive Errors Relative (related person)Shapes Stimulus Strabismus Techniques Testing Twin Multiple Birth Ursidae Family Vision Disorders Vision research Visual Visual Cortex Weight congenital cataract design detector developmental neurobiology early experience experience koniocellular luminance magnocellular neurophysiology parvocellular postnatal programs retinogeniculate vision development visual performance visual process visual processing

项目摘要

ABSTRACT The degree to which visual development is governed by nature vs. nurture has been a long-standing topic in vision research. Although much has been learned from animal studies in the last 50 years, relatively little is known about the factors influencing visual development in humans. The current proposal investigates whether factors related to visual experience (nurture) vs. preprogrammed biological maturation (nature), or both, are important in shaping visual development. To this end, we propose visual psychophysical studies with four different subject populations that tease apart these factors. (A) Fullterm Infants and (B) Healthy Preterm Infants. If early visual experience is the dominant force in visual development, preterm infants should show the same developmental trajectories as fullterm infants when plotted in terms of postnatal age (i.e. age since birth). By contrast, if biological maturation is more influential, preterm infants should match fullterm babies when plotted in postconceptional age (i.e., age since conception). (C) Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic Twins. While both twin types share the same environment and parents, they differ in the degree of shared genetic makeup. We apply a biometrical twin model that can identify the proportion of phenotypic variance in visual performance that can be accounted for by shared environment versus genes. (D) Infants and Children with Early Abnormal Visual Input. Comparisons made between this group (cataract, strabismus, and anisometropia) and healthy controls will address the vulnerability of various aspects of visual processing to abnormal visual experience early in development. Three aims address different levels of visual processing: 1) Subcortical Pathway Processing: We ask if the three main retinogeniculate pathways, Magnocellular (M), Parvocellular (P) and Koniocellular (K), are equally or differentially affected by visual experience, by obtaining contrast sensitivities for luminance, red/green and blue/yellow stimuli, thought to be mediated by these pathways, respectively. 2) Subcortical Input to Cortical Motion Processing: We will obtain an estimate of the extent of P vs. M subcortical pathway input to motion processing using a Motion/Detection threshold ratio paradigm that measures the relative effects of chromatic (P pathway) vs. luminance (M pathway) contrast on motion processing. Previous results from our laboratory suggest that the relative P vs. M input to motion decreases with age, and here we will ask whether this re-weighting process is influenced more by visual experience or biological maturation. 3) Cortical Motion Processing: We will assess global motion processing, which is believed to be a higher-level cortical function. Unlike many previous studies, our global motion stimuli will be scaled to detectability for each subject, such that differences observed across ages/subject groups can be more definitively interpreted. The results of these projects, which will reveal what aspects of visual development are more vs. less amenable to effects of visual experience, may have important implications for treating children with congenital eye disorders. 1 NARRATIVE: The degree to which visual development is governed by nature (i.e., pre-programmed biological maturation) vs. nurture (i.e., visual experience) has been a long-standing topic in vision research. The current proposal investigates this question by conducting infant visual psychophysical studies in subject populations that bear relevance: preterm infants, twin infants and infants born with congenital eye disorders. The results of these studies, which we hope will reveal what aspects of visual development are more vs. less amenable to effects of visual experience, may have important implications for treating children with visual disorders. 2

抽象的视觉发育在多大程度上受先天与后天的影响一直是一个长期存在的问题视觉研究的主题。尽管过去 50 年我们从动物研究中学到了很多东西，但相对来说对于影响人类视觉发育的因素知之甚少。目前的提案调查是否与视觉体验（后天）与预先设定的生物成熟（先天）有关的因素，或两者对于塑造视觉发育都很重要。为此，我们提出视觉心理物理学研究四个不同的受试者群体梳理了这些因素。 (A) 足月婴儿和 (B) 健康早产儿婴儿。如果早期视觉经验是视觉发育的主导力量，那么早产儿应该表现出根据出生后年龄（即出生后的年龄）绘制的发育轨迹与足月婴儿相同。相比之下，如果生物成熟的影响更大，那么早产儿在以下情况下应该与足月儿相匹配：以受孕后年龄（即受孕后的年龄）绘制。 (C) 同卵双胞胎与异卵双胞胎。虽然两者双胞胎类型拥有相同的环境和父母，但他们的共同基因构成程度有所不同。我们应用生物识别双胞胎模型，可以识别视觉表现中表型方差的比例这可以通过共享环境与基因来解释。 (D) 早期异常的婴儿和儿童视觉输入。该组（白内障、斜视和屈光参差）与健康组之间的比较控制措施将解决视觉处理各个方面对异常视觉体验的脆弱性处于开发早期。三个目标涉及不同级别的视觉处理：1）皮层下通路处理：我们询问三种主要的视网膜生成途径：大细胞 (M)、小细胞 (P) 和 Koniocellular (K)，通过获得对比敏感度，同等或不同地受到视觉体验的影响对于亮度、红/绿和蓝/黄刺激，被认为分别由这些途径介导。 2）皮层运动处理的皮层下输入：我们将获得皮层下 P 与 M 范围的估计使用运动/检测阈值比范式测量运动处理的路径输入色彩（P 路径）与亮度（M 路径）对比度对运动处理的相对影响。以前的我们实验室的结果表明，运动的相对 P 与 M 输入随着年龄的增长而减少，在这里我们会问这个重新加权过程是否更多地受到视觉体验或生物成熟的影响。 3）皮质运动处理：我们将评估全局运动处理，这被认为是更高级别的皮质功能。与之前的许多研究不同，我们的全局运动刺激将被缩放到每个运动的可检测性受试者，以便可以更明确地解释跨年龄/受试者组观察到的差异。这这些项目的结果，将揭示视觉发展的哪些方面更适合或不适合视觉体验的影响，可能对治疗先天性眼睛儿童具有重要意义失调。 1 叙述：视觉发育受自然控制的程度（即预先编程的生物成熟）与培养（即视觉体验）一直是视觉研究中的一个长期话题。这目前的提案通过对受试者进行婴儿视觉心理物理学研究来调查这个问题相关人群：早产儿、双胞胎婴儿和患有先天性眼部疾病的婴儿。我们希望这些研究的结果能够揭示视觉发育的哪些方面较多，哪些方面较少容易受到视觉体验的影响，可能对治疗患有视觉障碍的儿童具有重要意义失调。 2