Eyjafjallajokull 2010: chronology of magmatic processes and their linkage to unrest signals and eruption behaviour

Eyjafjallajokull 2010：岩浆过程年表及其与动荡信号和喷发行为的联系

• 批准号: NE/J024295/1
• 负责人: Susan Loughlin
• 金额: $ 2.16万
• 依托单位: British Geological Survey
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ024295%2F1
• 关键词: Eyjafjallajokull; 2010; chronology; magmatic; processes

The eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano in 2010 caused widespread disruption, travel chaos and economic damage across Europe, closing airports, stranding tourists and halting air freight. At least 13 major travel operators went bust in 2010, with the eruption being a significant contributing factor.Whilst many studies focus on the behaviour of ash when injected into the atmosphere, this project is concerned with the magma itself. The Eyjafjallajokull eruption followed over a decade of periodic unrest, with suspected magma movements beneath the volcano in 1994, 1996 and 1999. When it did erupt, the volcano produced a magma that was clearly a mixture of three components, an evolved, sticky magma and two different hot, basaltic magmas, which interacted with and heated up the evolved component so that it could be erupted. Crystals in the magma record the mixing event, by growing zones with different compositions. If the crystals sit in a hot magma chamber, they gradually reset towards a uniform composition. By looking at how far this resetting process has gone, we can determine how long it has been since the zones formed, and by inference, since the magmas mixed. Our initial work looking at these samples has shown that there are multiple mixing events, occurring up to 18 months before the eruption itself occurred. A major mixing event seen in many crystals correlates with the start of the summit eruption, and it is reasonable to expect that new mixing events - representing fresh magma input - would have a strong impact on the state of the eruption. This project will have two research strands, operating at Edinburgh and Leeds, with involvement of the British Geological Survey as a key stakeholder. The role of Edinburgh is to refine what we know about the character of the products, to identify the three mixing components and their properties such as temperature and water content. The role of Leeds is to determine the times at which the magmas have mixed before they erupt, and to then use this to show the series of events that happened in the magma chamber beneath the volcano, both before, and during, the eruption.With this data, we will be able to "date" the mixing events recorded in crystals from throughout the eruption deposit, looking for when magma pulses arrived into the magma chamber, and linking this to the eruptive activity as seen at the surface, as well as the signals that were recorded by the Icelandic scientists monitoring the eruption as it happened. We will then discuss our results with Icelandic colleagues in order to improve our model for the plumbing beneath the volcano, better understand the linkage between magma supply and eruption style and to better relate monitoring signals to magmatic processes.

2010 年埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖火山的喷发给整个欧洲造成了大范围的破坏、旅行混乱和经济损失，导致机场关闭、游客滞留和航空货运中断。 2010 年，至少有 13 家主要旅游运营商破产，火山喷发是一个重要因素。虽然许多研究都集中在火山灰注入大气中时的行为，但该项目关注的是岩浆本身。艾亚菲亚德拉冰盖喷发是在十多年的周期性动荡之后发生的，疑似在 1994 年、1996 年和 1999 年火山下方发生了岩浆运动。当火山喷发时，火山产生的岩浆显然是三种成分的混合物，即演化的粘性岩浆和两种不同的热玄武岩浆，它们与进化的成分相互作用并加热，使其能够喷发。岩浆中的晶体通过生长具有不同成分的区域来记录混合事件。如果晶体位于热岩浆室中，它们会逐渐恢复到均匀的成分。通过观察这个重置过程走了多远，我们可以确定自这些区域形成以来已经过去了多长时间，并推断自岩浆混合以来已经过去了多长时间。我们对这些样本的初步研究表明，在喷发本身发生前 18 个月内发生了多次混合事件。在许多晶体中看到的主要混合事件与山顶喷发的开始相关，并且可以合理地预期新的混合事件（代表新的岩浆输入）将对喷发状态产生强烈影响。该项目将有两个研究部门，分别在爱丁堡和利兹运作，英国地质调查局作为主要利益相关者参与其中。爱丁堡的作用是完善我们对产品特性的了解，确定三种混合成分及其特性，例如温度和水含量。利兹的作用是确定岩浆在喷发前混合的时间，然后用它来显示火山下方岩浆室在喷发之前和喷发期间发生的一系列事件。通过这些数据，我们将能够对整个喷发沉积物中记录在晶体中的混合事件进行“约会”，寻找岩浆脉冲何时到达岩浆室，并将其与地表看到的喷发活动联系起来，以及这冰岛科学家在监测火山喷发时记录到的信号。然后，我们将与冰岛同事讨论我们的结果，以改进我们的火山下方管道模型，更好地了解岩浆供应和喷发类型之间的联系，并更好地将监测信号与岩浆过程联系起来。

项目成果

Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest

• DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025
• 发表时间: 2018-07
• 期刊: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
• 影响因子: 5.3
• 作者: M. Pankhurst;D. Morgan;T. Thordarson;S. Loughlin

Monitoring the Magmas Fuelling Volcanic Eruptions in Near-real-time Using X-ray Micro-computed Tomography

使用 X 射线微计算机断层扫描近实时监测促进火山喷发的岩浆

• DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egt079
• 发表时间: 2014
• 期刊: Journal of Petrology
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Pankhurst M