Heterogeneity and Complexity in Bronze Age Europe: Divergence of Social Trajectories on the Great Hungarian Plain

青铜时代欧洲的异质性和复杂性：匈牙利大平原社会轨迹的分歧

• 批准号: 1226439
• 负责人: William Parkinson
• 金额: $ 9.16万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-09-01 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1226439&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Heterogeneity; Complexity; Bronze; Age; Europe

Under the direction of Dr. Paul Duffy and Dr. William Parkinson, funding from the National Science Foundation will support the excavation and analysis of an unusual cemetery population in Eastern Hungary dating to the Middle Bronze Age (2100 - 1400 BC). During the Bronze Age, Europe comprised a plethora of societies connected through trade, travel, and migration. In most parts of the continent, scholars believe that economic inequalities and hereditary offices emerged for the first time and regional political hierarchy flourished. In contrast, the Bronze Age cultures of Eastern Hungary are known to have undergone significant transformations in social complexity without corresponding increases in social inequality. Although studies of Bronze Age Europe have focused on the way in which hierarchy emerged and operated in complex societies, little is known of areas where agricultural and metallurgical production intensified but social inequality did not. This project offers an opportunity to study how population density, metallurgical production, and trade can substantially increase without power and control falling into the hands of a minority.The cemetery in question belongs to the Otomani culture of the Great Hungarian Plain, and the results of the analysis will be compared to cemeteries in neighboring areas. An international, multi-disciplinary team will conduct systematic investigations at the Bronze Age cemetery, examining the funerary customs, distribution of wealth, patterns of migration, and participation in macro-regional trade of its members. Thirty to forty human burials - likely inhumation, urn cremation, and scattered ash burials - will be excavated. The treatment of the body in this cemetery and the health, diet, and regional origin of individuals within it will be described based on osteological and isotopic analyses. The form, style, and origin of fine ceramics will be recorded, and the distribution of foreign trade items such as bronze and gold will be studied. The intellectual merit of this research will be to test the idea that long-distance trade and foreign ideologies were pivotal to the emergence of regional political hierarchies. The proposed research broadly impacts long-standing anthropological debates over social variability in non-state societies and brings together specialists from Canada, the United States, Hungary, and Greece to provide major training benefits for American and Hungarian students. In addition to addressing important theoretical concerns, a number of remote sensing and geoarchaeological techniques will be employed to enhance excavation planning, generate a broader picture of cemetery use, and advance the use of non-intrusive technologies for the detection of graves and other mortuary features. This combination of several independent lines of evidence to describe the mobility of people and objects in mortuary contexts will provide critical information about the trade and population shifts underlying social transformations in Bronze Age Europe, and offer insights into the range of social complexity observed worldwide.

在保罗·达菲（Paul Duffy）博士和威廉·帕金森（William Parkinson）博士的指导下，国家科学基金会的资金将支持匈牙利东部不寻常的公墓人口的发掘和分析，其历史可追溯到中期青铜时代（公元前2100 - 1400年）。在青铜时代，欧洲包括通过贸易，旅行和移民相关的众多社会。在整个非洲大陆的大多数地区，学者们认为，经济不平等和遗传办公室首次出现，区域政治等级蓬勃发展。相比之下，众所周知，东部匈牙利的青铜时代文化在社会复杂性上发生了重大转变，而没有相应的社会不平等增加。尽管对欧洲青铜时代的研究集中在复杂社会中出现和运作的层次结构的方式上，但在农业和冶金生产加剧但社会不平等的领域知之甚少。该项目提供了一个机会，可以研究人口密度，冶金生产和贸易如何在没有权力和控制落入少数群体手中的情况下大大增加。所讨论的公墓属于大匈牙利平原的Otomani文化，与邻近地区的公墓相比，分析的结果将与分析的结果进行比较。一个国际多学科的团队将在青铜时代的公墓进行系统调查，研究葬礼习俗，财富分配，移民模式以及参与其成员的宏观区域贸易。将挖掘三十至四十人的埋葬 - 可能被挖掘，urn火化和散落的灰烬埋葬。基于骨学和同位素分析，将描述该墓地中身体的治疗以及其中的个人的健康，饮食和区域起源。将记录精美陶瓷的形式，风格和起源，并将研究铜和黄金等外贸的分布。这项研究的智力优点将是测试以下观点：长距离贸易和外国意识形态对于区域政治等级的出现至关重要。拟议的研究广泛影响了关于非国家社会社会变异性的长期人类学辩论，并汇集了来自加拿大，美国，匈牙利和希​​腊的专家，为美国和匈牙利学生提供了重大的培训益处。 除了解决重要的理论问题外，还将采用许多遥感和地理学技术来增强开挖计划，对墓地使用的更广泛的了解，并推动使用非侵入性技术来检测坟墓和其他寄放特征。几种独立的证据界限来描述人和物体在太平间环境中的流动性的结合将提供有关欧洲青铜时代社会转变的贸易和人口转移的关键信息，并提供对全球观察到的社会复杂性范围的见解。