Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Resource Intensification in Early Village Societies: Dairying on the Great Hungarian Plain

博士论文改进补助金：早期乡村社会的资源集约化：匈牙利大平原的乳制品业

• 批准号: 0942953
• 负责人: William Parkinson
• 金额: $ 1.5万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2011-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0942953&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Resource

Under the direction of Dr. William Parkinson, Hanneke Hoekman-Sites will examine early dairying practices on the Great Hungarian Plain during the Neolithic and Copper Age (6000-3000 cal BC) to identify how milk product use changed through time. This study advances the study of economic intensification by examining archaeological residues from prehistoric Hungary. The results of this analysis will yield information about patterns of dairy residue distribution across individual sites and in various vessel types. The impact of this project reaches beyond the confines of residue analysis. By providing information about general trends of animal product use over time, our knowledge about the process of economic intensification in Eastern Europe will be greatly expanded. Hoekman-Sites's project investigates a question with immediate effects on our understanding of the Great Hungarian Plain and with broad archaeological implications for the interpretation of social organization and the development of residue analysis methodology. The complex social systems in place across Europe during the Bronze Age grew out of the Neolithic and Copper Age societies through periods of economic intensification and differential exploitation of faunal resources. Understanding the role of animals and animal products in this intensification is crucial to understanding how social stratification developed in this region. The presence of animal adipose and dairy fat will be identified directly in ceramic vessels using residue analysis. Residues from past use have been shown to remain in unglazed ceramic vessels long after the vessel falls out of use and is deposited into the archaeological record. The ceramic samples were collected from materials excavated by the Körös Regional Archaeological Project and from three local museum collections in eastern Hungary. In all, 339 samples were collected from 10 Neolithic and Copper Age sites. At least 50 samples were collected from each time period. After extracting the residues from each ceramic sherd the samples will be analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine if animal fat is present. After the samples are tested, those that contain animal fat residue will be tested further to determine the type of animal fat present. The second round of testing will differentiate between dairy fat, adipose fat, and porcine fat using compound specific isotopic analysis, which will bring a higher degree of data resolution than the animal fat presence testing alone. This project will result in valuable knowledge on eastern European economic intensification. It will provide opportunities for future collaboration by illustrating to Hungarian archaeologists how residue studies can be used to further their own research goals. The results of the project will be disseminated broadly. Initially the research will be published in dissertation form, followed by several articles on theoretical, methodological, and broader geographical aspects in peer-reviewed journals. The data will also be available online, which will add to the database of residue studies.

在威廉·帕金森（William Parkinson）博士的指导下，汉尼克·霍克曼（Hanneke Hoekman）现场将在新石器时代和铜时代（6000-3000 cal bc）期间对匈牙利平原的早期奶业实践进行研究，以确定牛奶产品的使用方式如何随着时间而变化。这项研究通过检查史前匈牙利的考古残留物来推进经济加强的研究。该分析的结果将产生有关各个地点和各种容器类型的乳制品居住地分布模式的信息。该项目的影响超出了退休分析的范围。通过提供有关动物产品使用的一般趋势随着时间的流逝的信息，我们对东欧经济强化过程的了解将大大扩展。 Hoekman-Line的项目调查了一个问题，对我们对匈牙利伟大平原的理解有直接影响，并且对解释社会组织的解释和退休分析方法的发展具有广泛的档案。在新石器时代和铜时代社会中，通过经济强化和对动物资源的差异剥削，新石器时代和铜时代社会的增长期间，整个欧洲的复杂社会系统。了解动物和动物产品在这种强化中的作用对于了解该地区的社会分层如何发展至关重要。使用生存分析，将直接在陶瓷血管中鉴定动物脂肪和乳脂的存在。在该容器无使用后很长时间，已证明过去使用的住宅被证明留在无覆盖的陶瓷容器中，并沉积在存档记录中。陶瓷样品是从Körös地区考古项目和匈牙利东部的三个当地博物馆收藏的材料中收集的。总共从10个新石器时代和铜龄年代收集了339个样品。从每个时间段内收集至少50个样本。从每种陶瓷sherd提取残差后，将使用气相色谱 - 质谱法（GC-MS）分析样品，以确定是否存在动物脂肪。测试样品后，将进一步测试含有动物脂肪的人的样品，以确定存在的动物脂肪类型。第二轮测试将使用复合特定的同位素分析来区分乳脂脂肪，脂肪脂肪和猪脂肪，这将带来比单独的动物脂肪存在测试更高的数据分辨率。该项目将导致有关东欧经济强化的宝贵知识。它将通过向匈牙利艺人说明如何使用生活研究来实现自己的研究目标，从而为将来的合作提供机会。该项目的结果将被广泛传播。最初，该研究将以论文形式发表，然后在同行评审期刊中进行几篇有关理论，方法论和更广泛地理方面的文章。数据还将在线提供，该数据将添加到居住研究数据库中。