Direct and Indirect Effects of Foliar Herbivory on Floral Traits, Insect Pollination, and Male and Female Plant Fitness

叶面食草对花卉性状、昆虫授粉以及雄性和雌性植物适应性的直接和间接影响

• 批准号: 9421009
• 负责人: Jeffrey Conner
• 金额: $ 7.1万
• 依托单位: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1995
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1995-06-15 至 1998-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9421009&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Direct; Indirect; Effects; Foliar; Herbivory

9407362 Strauss/Conner The main goal of this work is to examine how damage by herbivores affects both male plant fitness (number of seeds sired) and female fitness (number of seeds produced) simultaneously. Results from these experiments will contribute to several areas of controversy, and will provide a new angle to examining the relationships between plants, herbivores and pollinators. One controversy is how some plants seem to be able to compensate completely for herbivory in terms of plant fitness. Fitness has classically been estimated through seed production in plants, but the approach taken here will examine total plant fitness. Preliminary data suggest that plants may shift allocation from aspects of male fitness (pollen, nectar and petal production) to female fitness (seed production). Because of these shifts, plants may not truly compensate for leaf damage, since the number of seeds sired by damaged plants may be reduced, even if total seed number remains the same. This proposal also contributes to current theory by linking the processes involved with pollination to those with herbivory. For example, if damaged plants have lower fitness because they are less attractive to pollinators, then natural selection may act on plant response to damage. In particular, the needs of pollinators, either through rewards or through required cues, may shape how plants allocate resources for damage. The kinds of effective pollinator species and their needs may determine whether damaged plants produce fewer flowers of equal quality, or whether they produce as many flowers as undamaged plants, but some of lower quality (i.e., smaller, with fewer rewards). These are exciting new areas that merit further investigation. One goal of this work is to determine the degree to which male versus female fitness in plants is affected by herbivory to leaves. Many crop plants suffer reduced yield as a result of leaf damage. It is generally assumed that reduced yie ld in herbaceous crops is a result of fewer resources available to plants (through loss of leaf area) rather than the result of diminished pollination (although orchard growers have known for years of the importance of good pollination). results from this work may elucidate more clearly the mechanisms through which herbivory reduces yield. This research may indicate that for a given level of damage, crop quantity or quality could be better improved by increasing pollinator visitation rather than by reducing leaf area lost to herbivores. Spraying plants with pollinator attractants (e.g., products like "Bee Scent") may improve yield more than by spraying with pesticides, especially since pesticides can be toxic to beneficial insects. This research may suggest an alternative or supplement to pesticides.

9407362 Strauss/Conner这项工作的主要目标是检查食草动物的损害如何影响雄性植物健康（种子的数量）和女性健身（生产的种子数量）。 这些实验的结果将导致一些争议的领域，并将为研究植物，食草动物和传粉媒介之间的关系提供一个新的角度。 一个争议之一是，某些植物似乎能够在植物健身方面完全补偿草食性。 从植物中的种子生产中可以从经典上估计健身，但是这里采用的方法将检查植物的总健身。 初步数据表明，植物可能会从男性健身（花粉，花蜜和花瓣产量）转变为女性健身（种子产量）。 由于这些变化，植物可能无法真正补偿叶片损伤，因为即使总种子数量保持不变，也可能会减少受损植物的种子数量。 该提案还通过将涉及的授粉过程与草食性人士联系起来，从而有助于当前理论。 例如，如果受损的植物的适应性较低，因为它们对传粉媒介的吸引力较低，那么自然选择可能会对植物对损害的反应作用。 特别是，通过奖励或通过所需的提示，传粉媒介的需求可能会影响植物如何为损害分配资源。 有效的传粉媒介物种及其需求可能会决定受损的植物是否会产生质量相同的花朵，或者它们是否产生的花朵与未损坏的植物一样多，但质量较低（即较小，奖励较少）。 这些是令人兴奋的新领域，值得进一步调查。 这项工作的目标之一是确定植物中男性和女性健身受草食性叶子影响的程度。 由于叶子损伤，许多作物植物的产量降低。 通常认为，草本作物中的Yie Ld减少是由于植物可获得的资源较少（通过叶片面积损失）而不是授粉减少的结果（尽管果园种植者在多年的良好授粉重要性中都知道了）。 这项工作的结果可以更清楚地阐明草食生物降低产量的机制。 这项研究可能表明，对于给定的损害水平，可以通过增加授粉媒介探访而不是减少食草动物丢失的叶片面积来更好地提高作物或质量。 用授粉媒介吸引剂（例如，“蜜蜂气味”之类的产品）可以比用农药喷洒更高的产量，尤其是因为农药可能对有益的昆虫有毒，因此可以提高产量。 这项研究可能建议对农药的替代或补充。