Cognitive Processes in Bilinguals

双语者的认知过程

• 批准号: 7261693
• 负责人: Judith F. Kroll
• 金额: $ 44.82万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-01-01 至 2008-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7261693
• 关键词: Accounting; Acoustics; Address; Adopted; Adult; Affect; Age; Architecture; Behavioral; Childhood; Clinical; Cognition; Cognitive; Cognitive Science; Collaborations; Comprehension; Development; Education; Event; Event-Related Potentials; Fostering; Goals; Grant; Individual; Intention; International; Knowledge; Language; Learning; Measurement; Mediation; Methods; Modeling; Multilingualism; Nature; Neurocognitive; Numbers; Performance; Process; Production; Psycholinguistics; Psychologist; Purpose; Range; Reaction Time; Reading; Research; Research Infrastructure; Research Personnel; Resolution; Science; Societies; Source; Speech; Staging; Stimulus; Students; Sum; System; Text; Thinking; Training; base; bilingualism; cognitive control; cognitive neuroscience; executive function; experience; language processing; lexical; programs; relating to nervous system; research study; response; skills; tool

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Although proficient bilinguals rarely make the error of speaking words in the wrong language or thinking that they are reading text in a language other than the one intended, recent cognitive research on lexical access in word recognition and in spoken production suggests that information about both languages is active, at least briefly, in even highly skilled tasks such as reading and speaking. The absence of a simple mechanism to switch off one of the two languages when using the other suggests that skilled bilinguals possess a sophisticated means of controlling their performance. For this reason, bilingualism has become an important tool for psychologists who wish to model developing systems, the competition between them, and the consequences for executive control. The goal of the proposed research is to use behavioral and neurocognitive methods to identify factors that permit cross-language competition to be resolved in the planning of speech in each of the bilingual's languages. The specific aims of the planned research are to determine how far into speech planning there is activity of each language, what mechanism allows the intended language to be selected, and how the form of bilingualism modulates this activity. Until recently, cognitive science ignored the fact that more people in the world are bilingual than monolingual. In the past ten years this situation has changed markedly. There is now an appreciation that learning and using more than one language is a natural circumstance of cognition. Not only does research on bilingualism provide crucial evidence regarding the universality of cognitive principles, but it also provides an important tool for revealing constraints within the cognitive architecture. The proposed research will contribute important foundational knowledge about multilingualism that will inform educational issues in an increasingly diverse society in which many learners are faced with the task of acquiring a second language past the earliest stages of childhood. It also holds implications for clinical practice for the assessment of a growing number of individuals seeking treatment who are non-native speakers of English. The research will further contribute to the infrastructure of science by training a more diverse group of students than is typical in cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience and by fostering international scientific collaboration.

描述（由申请人提供）：尽管熟练的双语者很少会犯错话，以错误的语言说话或认为他们正在用一种语言读取文本，而不是一种预期的，关于单词识别的词汇访问的近期认知研究，并且在口语中，关于两种语言的信息至少在诸如阅读和说话之类的高度熟练的任务中都很活跃。当使用另一种语言时，没有简单的机制关闭两种语言之一，这表明熟练的双语者具有控制其性能的精致方法。因此，双语主义已成为希望建模开发系统，它们之间的竞争以及执行控制的后果的心理学家的重要工具。拟议的研究的目的是使用行为和神经认知方法来确定允许在每种双语语言的语音计划中解决跨语言竞争的因素。计划研究的具体目的是确定每种语言的活动中有多远的语音计划，哪种机制允许选择预期的语言以及双语形式如何调节这一活动。直到最近，认知科学忽略了世界上更多的人是双语的人，而不是单语。在过去的十年中，这种情况发生了明显变化。现在有一种欣赏，学习和使用多种语言是一种自然的认知情况。对双语的研究不仅提供了有关认知原则普遍性的重要证据，而且还提供了一个重要的工具来揭示认知架构中的约束。拟议的研究将为多种语言提供重要的基础知识，这将在越来越多样化的社会中为教育问题提供依据，在这个社会中，许多学习者面临着在童年最早阶段获得第二语言的任务。 It also holds implications for clinical practice for the assessment of a growing number of individuals seeking treatment who are non-native speakers of English.这项研究将通过培训更多多样化的学生群体来进一步为科学的基础设施做出贡献，而不是在认知科学和认知神经科学领域的典型和培养国际科学合作。