Cognitive Processes of Bilinguals

双语者的认知过程

• 批准号: 7647284
• 负责人: Judith F. Kroll
• 金额: $ 36.75万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-08-01 至 2013-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7647284
• 关键词: Accounting; Acoustics; Address; Adopted; Adult; Affect; Age; Architecture; Behavioral; Childhood; Cognition; Cognitive; Cognitive Science; Collaborations; Comprehension; Development; Education; Event; Event-Related Potentials; Fostering; Goals; Grant; Health; Individual; Intention; International; Knowledge; Language; Language Development; Learning; Measurement; Mediation; Methods; Modeling; Multilingualism; Nature; Neurocognitive; Performance; Process; Production; Psychologist; Reaction Time; Reading; Research; Research Infrastructure; Resolution; Science; Societies; Source; Speech; Staging; Stimulus; Students; Sum; System; Text; Thinking; Training; base; bilingualism; clinical practice; cognitive control; cognitive neuroscience; executive function; experience; language processing; lexical; programs; public health relevance; relating to nervous system; research study; response; skills; tool

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Until recently, cognitive science ignored the fact that most people of the world, and an increasing number of people in the US, are bilingual. In the past ten years this situation has changed markedly. There is now an appreciation that learning and using more than one language is a natural circumstance of cognition. Not only does research on bilingualism provide crucial evidence regarding the universality of cognitive principles, but it also provides an important tool for revealing constraints within the cognitive architecture. Although proficient bilinguals rarely make the error of speaking words in the wrong language or thinking that they are reading text in a language other than the one intended, recent cognitive research on lexical access in word recognition and in spoken production suggests that information about both languages is active, at least briefly, in even highly skilled tasks such as reading and speaking. The absence of a simple mechanism to switch off one of the two languages when using the other suggests that skilled bilinguals possess a sophisticated means of controlling their performance. For this reason, bilingualism has become an important tool for psychologists who wish to model developing systems, the competition between them, and the consequences for executive control. The goal of the proposed research is to use behavioral and neurocognitive methods to identify factors that permit cross-language competition to be resolved in the planning of speech in each of the bilingual's languages. The specific aims of the planned research are to determine how far into speech planning there is activity of each language, how the form of bilingualism modulates this activity, and what contexts of language acquisition and use reduce cross-language competition. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE The proposed research will contribute important foundational knowledge about multilingualism that will inform educational and health issues in an increasingly diverse society in which many learners are faced with the task of learning to speak a second language past the earliest stages of childhood. The research will also contribute to the infrastructure of science by training a more diverse group of students than is typical in cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience and by fostering international scientific collaboration.

描述（由申请人提供）：直到最近，认知科学忽略了世界上大多数人以及美国越来越多的人都是双语的事实。在过去的十年中，这种情况发生了明显变化。现在有一种欣赏，学习和使用多种语言是一种自然的认知情况。对双语的研究不仅提供了有关认知原则普遍性的重要证据，而且还提供了一个重要的工具来揭示认知架构中的约束。尽管熟练的双语者很少会以错误的语言说话或以外的语言读取文本的错误，但最近期关于单词识别中词汇访问的认知研究以及口语制作中的认知研究表明，有关两种语言的信息至少是短暂的，至少是简短的，甚至是在阅读和讲话等熟练的任务中。当使用另一种语言时，没有简单的机制关闭两种语言之一，这表明熟练的双语者具有控制其性能的精致方法。因此，双语主义已成为希望建模开发系统，它们之间的竞争以及执行控制的后果的心理学家的重要工具。拟议的研究的目的是使用行为和神经认知方法来确定允许在每种双语语言的语音计划中解决跨语言竞争的因素。计划研究的具体目的是确定每种语言的活动中有多远的语音计划，双语形式如何调节这项活动以及语言获取和使用的哪些背景减少了跨语言竞争。公共卫生相关性该拟议的研究将为多语言主义提供重要的基础知识，这将在一个日益多样化的社会中为教育和健康问题提供依据，其中许多学习者面临着学习在童年最早阶段讲第二语言的任务。这项研究还将通过培训多样化的学生群体来为科学的基础设施做出贡献，而不是在认知科学和认知神经科学方面以及促进国际科学合作。