ORIGINS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF APPEARANCE-BASED STEREOTYPES

基于外表的刻板印象的起源和意义

• 批准号: 6343138
• 负责人: JUDITH H LANGLOIS
• 金额: $ 25.5万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1986
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1986-09-01 至 2002-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6343138
• 关键词: adult human (21+); attention deficit disorder; behavioral /social science research tag; child psychology; clinical research; cognition; dizygotic twins; face; face expression; human subject; infant human (0-1 year); instinct; interpersonal relations; learning; newborn human (0-6 weeks); parent offspring interaction; peer group; preference; prejudice; preschool child (1-5); sibling relations; social perception; visual perception

DESCRIPTION: The heart of this proposal investigates basic biobehavioral interactions in the human infant. Seventeen experiments are planned that will yield evidence about the roles of nature and nurture in human social and cognitive development. These goals will be accomplished by investigating the mechanisms underlying the pervasive preferences of infants, children, and adults for facial configurations that approach the average of the population. In a series of converging studies with newborns and older infants, we will examine whether these preferences are acquired through cognitive mechanisms as a result of experience with faces or whether they are present from birth. There are considerable theoretical reasons to believe that either is possible. The proposed research has implications for general theories of human development; for specific theories of cognitive and social development; and for theories of faces perception. The second goal is to begin to understand the processes by which infants associate certain faces with positive attributes and other faces with negative attributes. A series of ten studies with infants, therefore, investigates the generalization of positivity/ negativity from initial visual preferences for certain faces to "theories" about people who differ in facial configuration. These studies have important applied and theoretical implications for understanding the development of stereotypes and for theories of social understanding. A third goal is to examine the consequences of appearance for children by examining how their facial appearance elicits differential socialization and treatment from parents, peers, and siblings. Although most parents will say that all their children are beautiful and are treated equally, our research shows that this is a myth. Indeed, some of our recent research suggests that facial appearance is related to child maltreatment. Six studies will examine differential parenting and peer relationships and will have implications for research on parent-child relationships, peer relationships, and child abuse. Finally, two studies will analyze the relationships between facial appearance and (1) physical health and (2) learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder. These studies will provide data relevant to diagnoses and correlates of health status in both children and adults.

描述：该提案的核心是研究基本的生物行为 人类婴儿的相互作用。 计划进行十七项实验 将提供关于先天和后天在人类社会中的作用的证据 和认知发展。 这些目标将通过以下方式实现 调查普遍偏好背后的机制 婴儿、儿童和成人的面部构造接近 人口的平均数。 在一系列针对新生儿的综合研究中 和年龄较大的婴儿，我们将检查这些偏好是否是后天获得的 通过认知机制，由于面部经验或是否 它们从出生起就存在。 有相当多的理论理由 相信两者皆有可能。 拟议的研究具有以下意义： 人类发展的一般理论；对于具体的认知理论 和社会发展；以及面部感知理论。 第二个 目标是开始理解婴儿联想的过程 某些具有积极属性的面孔和其他具有消极属性的面孔 属性。 因此，对婴儿进行了一系列十项研究，调查了 从最初的视觉偏好中概括出积极性/消极性 对于某些面孔，关于面部差异的人的“理论” 配置。 这些研究具有重要的应用和理论意义 对理解定型观念的发展和 社会理解理论。 第三个目标是检查 通过检查儿童的面部表情来了解外貌对儿童的影响 外表会引起父母的不同社会化和对待， 同辈、兄弟姐妹。 虽然大多数父母都会说他们的孩子 美丽且受到平等对待，我们的研究表明这是一个 神话。 事实上，我们最近的一些研究表明，面部外观 与虐待儿童有关。 六项研究将检验差异 养育子女和同伴关系，将对以下方面的研究产生影响： 亲子关系、同伴关系和虐待儿童。 最后， 两项研究将分析面部外观与 (1) 之间的关系 身体健康和（2）学习障碍和注意力缺陷 紊乱。 这些研究将提供与诊断和治疗相关的数据 儿童和成人健康状况的相关性。