The origin and significance of appearance-based stereotypes.

基于外表的刻板印象的起源和意义。

• 批准号: 7888536
• 负责人: JUDITH H LANGLOIS
• 金额: $ 28.68万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1986
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1986-09-01 至 2015-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7888536
• 关键词: Adult; Affect; Age-Months; Appearance; Attitude; Behavior; Behavioral; Belief; Brain; Child; Cognitive; Complex; Data; Development; Electroencephalography; Face; Goals; Individual; Infant; Intervention; Intervention Studies; Knowledge; Lead; Literature; Machine Learning; Measures; Mental Health; Methods; Modeling; Outcome; Parenting behavior; Physiological; Population; Process; Research; Risk; Stereotyping; Stigmatization; Testing; Time; Visual; base; behavior measurement; design; expectation; infancy; information processing; mRNA Differential Displays; model development; preference; programs; prototype; public health relevance; response; social; theories

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This research program examines the origins, consequences, and significance of appearance-based stereotypes. One goal is to understand the cognitive mechanisms underlying the development of the universal preferences shown by infants, children, and adults for attractive faces. Why do even young infants prefer to look at attractive rather than unattractive faces and when do stereotypical expectations become attached to these visual preferences? By what processes do infants come to associate attractiveness with positive attributes and to associate unattractiveness with negative attributes? Given infants as young as 12 months of age display differential treatment of attractive and unattractive individuals they may have some primitive knowledge of appearance-based stereotypes much earlier than previously assumed. A second goal of the research is to form a better understanding of the consequences of appearance- based stereotypes. How do children behave toward others based on appearance? Do non-prototypical faces elicit negative affect from perceivers and, if so, how might this lead to stigmatization? What are the social, physical, and mental health risks associated with appearance-based stereotypes? Because the intent of this research is to provide a full understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of preferences, attitudes, and stereotypes based on facial appearance, a multi- method, converging evidence approach, beginning in infancy is required. This project includes standard behavioral measures widely used in the developmental literature including infant looking behavior with physiological measures (EEG, ERP, & EMG). Physiological data (e.g. EEG recorded brain activity) will be correlated with a behavioral response and/or a measure of attitudes. The ultimate goal of this research will be to ameliorate the negative consequences associated with appearance-based stereotypes. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Rudimentary stereotypes are the result of three innate information-processing mechanisms: Cognitive averaging, categorization, and statistical learning. We propose a multi-component model of development in which infants bootstrap simple preferences and associations into complex beliefs and attitudes.

描述（由申请人提供）：该研究项目探讨了基于外表的刻板印象的起源、后果和意义。目标之一是了解婴儿、儿童和成人对有吸引力的面孔表现出的普遍偏好的发展背后的认知机制。为什么即使是年幼的婴儿也更喜欢看有吸引力的面孔而不是没有吸引力的面孔，刻板期望何时会与这些视觉偏好联系在一起？婴儿通过什么过程将吸引力与积极属性联系起来，并将缺乏吸引力与消极属性联系起来？鉴于年仅 12 个月大的婴儿就对有吸引力和不有吸引力的个体表现出区别对待，他们可能比之前假设的更早地对基于外表的刻板印象有了一些原始的了解。该研究的第二个目标是更好地理解基于外表的刻板印象的后果。孩子们如何根据外表对待他人？非典型面孔是否会引起感知者的负面影响？如果是，这会如何导致污名化？与基于外表的刻板印象相关的社会、身体和心理健康风险是什么？由于本研究的目的是全面了解基于面部外观的偏好、态度和刻板印象发展的机制，因此需要从婴儿期开始采用多种方法、汇聚证据的方法。该项目包括发育文献中广泛使用的标准行为测量，包括带有生理测量（EEG、ERP 和 EMG）的婴儿外观行为。生理数据（例如脑电图记录的大脑活动）将与行为反应和/或态度测量相关。这项研究的最终目标是改善与基于外表的刻板印象相关的负面后果。 公共卫生相关性：基本的刻板印象是三种固有信息处理机制的结果：认知平均、分类和统计学习。我们提出了一种多成分的发展模型，其中婴儿将简单的偏好和关联引导为复杂的信念和态度。