Origins and Significance of Appearance-Based Stereotypes

基于外表的刻板印象的起源和意义

• 批准号: 6544914
• 负责人: JUDITH H LANGLOIS
• 金额: $ 31.07万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1986
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1986-09-01 至 2007-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6544914
• 关键词: awareness; behavior test; behavioral /social science research tag; body physical characteristic; clinical research; evoked potentials; gender difference; human subject; judgment; neural information processing; neuropsychology; perception; preference; prejudice; psychophysiology; quality of life; racial /ethnic difference

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Appearance-based stereotypes affect children and adults daily and may contribute to antisocial behavior stress, and poorer health outcomes in our society. The research described in this application examines the origins and mechanisms underlying appearance-based stereotypes. The first goal of this research is to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of the ubiquitous preferences shown by infants, children, and adults for attractive faces. Why do even young infants prefer attractive to unattractive faces and when do stereotypical expectations become attached to these preferences? By what processes do infants come to associate attractiveness with positive attributes and unattractiveness with negative attributes? Given that infants as young as 12-months of age display differential treatment of attractive and unattractive people and objects (Langlois et al., 1990), children may have some primitive knowledge of these stereotypes much earlier than might be assumed. Related to goal one, goal two is to provide a parsimonious theory of attractiveness-based preferences. Until recently, most research in this field has proceeded theoretically, without a conceptual definition 0: attractiveness, and without a conceptual rationale for its importance. We propose that faces close to the average of the population are more face-like and thus more preferred. Our last goal is to better understand the nature and extensiveness of appearance-based stereotypes. How an attractiveness stereotypes related to gender and racial stereotypes? What is the "direction" of the stereotype? Are attractive children and adults at an advantage relative to medium and less attractive children and adults, or are less attractive children and adults at a disadvantage relative to their more attractive peers? The results of these studies will provide a window into a previously hidden aspect of human nature.

描述（由申请人提供）：基于外表的刻板印象每天都会影响儿童和成人，并可能导致反社会行为压力和社会健康状况恶化。本申请中描述的研究探讨了基于外观的刻板印象的起源和机制。这项研究的首要目标是了解婴儿、儿童和成人对有吸引力的面孔表现出普遍偏好的发展机制。为什么即使是小婴儿也更喜欢有吸引力的面孔而不是没有吸引力的面孔？什么时候刻板期望会与这些偏好联系在一起？婴儿通过什么过程将吸引力与积极属性联系起来，将不吸引力与消极属性联系起来？鉴于 12 个月大的婴儿对有吸引力和不有吸引力的人和物体表现出不同的对待（Langlois 等人，1990），儿童对这些刻板印象的一些原始了解可能比想象的要早得多。 与目标一相关，目标二是提供基于吸引力的偏好的简约理论。直到最近，该领域的大多数研究都是在理论上进行的，没有概念性定义 0：吸引力，也没有其重要性的概念性理由。我们认为接近人口平均水平的面孔更相似，因此更受欢迎。 我们的最后一个目标是更好地理解基于外表的刻板印象的本质和广泛性。吸引力刻板印象如何与性别和种族刻板印象相关？刻板印象的“方向”是什么？ 相对于中等和不太有吸引力的儿童和成人，有吸引力的儿童和成人是否处于优势，或者相对于较有吸引力的同龄人，不太有吸引力的儿童和成人处于劣势？ 这些研究的结果将为了解人性中以前隐藏的方面提供一个窗口。