Improving the processability of malting barley

提高啤酒大麦的加工性能

• 批准号: BB/J019593/1
• 负责人: William Thomas
• 金额: $ 41.05万
• 依托单位: James Hutton Institute
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FJ019593%2F1
• 关键词: Improving; processability; malting; barley

Of all the cereals, barley is grown over the most diverse environmental ranges as it is more tolerant of stress conditions. Malting for use in brewing and distilling is the major industrial usage with a demand of 20M t/yr, approximately 15% of world production. A much higher proportion of the crop is used for malting in the EU, e.g. just under 30% in the UK. World beer production is currently 1.85 billion hl and is thus by far the major consumer of malt. Production of malt and beer takes place on a large mechanised scale where systems are optimised to a target production cycle. Whilst plant breeding has improved the malt extract and thus the litres of beer that can be produced per tonne of malt, maltsters and brewers still encounter problem batches that do not process properly, e.g. because separation of fermentable liquid from residue solids can be slowed down or even halted by too much protein and/or cell wall residues. Such a situation causes production delays and incurs cleaning and residue disposal costs. Ease of processing (processability) is therefore second after malt extract on the Institute of Brewing and Distilling's 'wish list' of desirable characters for UK malting barley. Processability problems are much more apparent in samples that are less than ideal for malting as even poor malting quality varieties give adequate levels of malt extract and process efficiently when grown under optimum conditions. As most malting tests are conducted from sites identified as producing good malting quality samples, processability problems generally appear once a variety has been recommended and grown on a larger scale. This is a waste of plant breeding and end-user time and resources and a strategy must be found to enable the selection and promotion of varieties that meet end-user needs under a wide range of environmental conditions. This target will become increasingly important to UK (and world) agriculture as climate change is likely to results in harsher and more variable environments for malting barley production.We have considerable experience in the genetic analysis of economically important traits and have already amassed a range of performance (phenotypic) data upon a set of over 500 UK elite barley lines. In addition, we have DNA fingerprints of each of these lines and are experienced in combining such datasets in analyses designed to identify specific regions on barley chromosomes that are associated with differences in performance. We will select subsets of 100 spring and 100 winter barley lines from the 500 and grow them in trials under regimes designed to contrast for grain nitrogen content and thus provide contrasts in malt processability. By combining the processability data with the genotypic data, we will be able to associate regions of barley chromosomes that effect differences in malt processability. We will also sample RNA from a smaller subset of the lines in trial at stages when we expect the components affecting malt processability are being synthesised during grain development and degraded during germination and analyse the gene expression profile of each line at each stage. By selecting lines that are known to differ in processability, we can compare the overall pattern of 'good' lines with that of 'poor' lines to filter out genes that are being differentially expressed and thus are likely to be involved in the control of processability. The 50,000 genes that we will assay this way all have a known location on barley chromosomes so we can compare the results from the expression analysis with those of the association analysis to see if any co-locate. We will then compare the DNA sequences of genes from the expression analysis that co-locate with regions from the association analysis to detect if any sequence variants are associated with differences in processability. Results will then be tested through larger scale brewing tests and validated through analysis of a small independent panel of lines.

在所有谷物中，大麦在最多样化的环境范围内生长，因为它更容易耐心。用于酿造和蒸馏的麦芽是主要的工业用法，需求为20m t/yr，约占世界生产的15％。欧盟中的农作物的比例要高得多，例如英国不到30％。世界啤酒的生产目前为18.5亿hl，因此是迄今为止麦芽的主要消费者。麦芽和啤酒的生产发生在大型机械化规模上，在该规模上将系统优化为目标生产周期。虽然植物育种改善了麦芽提取物，因此每吨麦芽可生产的啤酒，麦芽和酿酒商仍然会遇到无法正确处理的问题批次，例如因为可以将可发酵液与残留固体分离，甚至可以被过多的蛋白质和/或细胞壁残基降低，甚至停止。这种情况会导致生产延迟，并产生清洁和残留处置成本。因此，易于处理（加工性）是在英国麦芽麦芽麦芽麦芽大麦的酿造和蒸馏研究所的“愿望清单”上的麦芽提取物之后的第二位。在样本中，处理性问题更为明显，这些样本不理想麦芽，因为即使麦芽质量较差，也可以在最佳条件下生长出足够的麦芽提取物水平和有效的过程。由于大多数麦芽测试都是从被确定为产生良好麦芽质量样品的站点进行的，因此一旦推荐了一种多样性并在更大范围内生长，通常就会出现加工性问题。这是浪费植物育种和最终用户的时间和资源，必须找到一项策略，以便在广泛的环境条件下选择和促进满足最终用户需求的品种。对于英国（和世界）农业而言，由于气候变化可能会导致更严格的麦芽大麦生产环境，因此对英国（和世界）的农业来说，这个目标将变得越来越重要。我们在经济上重要特征的遗传分析中具有丰富的经验，并且已经在500多个英国Elite Barley Lines集合中增加了一系列绩效（表型）数据。此外，我们具有这些线中的每一个的DNA指纹，并且在将这些数据集组合在旨在识别与性能差异相关的大麦染色体的特定区域的分析中经验丰富。我们将选择500次春季和100个冬季大麦线的子集，并根据旨在对比的晶粒氮含量进行鲜明对比，从而在麦芽加工性中提供对比的制度。通过将加工性数据与基因型数据相结合，我们将能够将影响麦芽加工性差异的大麦染色体区域关联。当我们期望影响麦芽加工性的组成部分在晶粒发育过程中合成并在发芽期间降解并分析每个阶段的每个阶段的基因表达谱时，我们还将在试验中较小的线的RNA在试验中采样。通过选择已知的可加工性不同的线，我们可以将“良好”线的整体模式与“差”线的总体模式进行比较，以滤除差异表达的基因，因此很可能参与了处理性的控制。我们将以这种方式测定的50,000个基因在大麦染色体上都有已知位置，因此我们可以将表达分析的结果与关联分析的结果进行比较，以查看是否有任何共同介绍。然后，我们将比较来自表达分析的基因的DNA序列，该表达分析与关联分析区域共存，以检测任何序列变体是否与加工性差异相关。然后，将通过大规模酿造测试对结果进行测试，并通过分析小型独立线条的分析来验证。

项目成果

Association Mapping of Diastatic Power in UK Winter and Spring Barley by Exome Sequencing of Phenotypically Contrasting Variety Sets.

• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01566
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Frontiers in plant science
• 影响因子: 5.6
• 作者: Looseley ME;Bayer M;Bull H;Ramsay L;Thomas W;Booth A;De La Fuente Canto C;Morris J;Hedley PE;Russell J
• 通讯作者: Russell J

The Barley Genome

• DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92528-8
• 发表时间: 2016-01
• 作者: N. Stein;G. Muehlbauer

Barley Methods & Protocols

大麦方法

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Thomas WTB