IMPROMALT: Improving winter malting barley quality and developing an understanding of the interactions of introgressions with genetic background

IMPROMALT：提高冬季啤酒大麦的质量并加深对基因渗入与遗传背景相互作用的理解

• 批准号: BB/K008188/1
• 负责人: William Thomas
• 金额: $ 79.57万
• 依托单位: James Hutton Institute
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FK008188%2F1
• 关键词: IMPROMALT; Improving; winter; malting; barley; IMPROMALT; Improving; winter; malting; barley

Maltsters, brewers and distillers are concerned about the long-term sustainability of the barley crop. Seasonal problems in many parts of Europe resulted in a restricted malting barley supply that has only just been alleviated by an above average harvest in Argentina. Within the UK, drought conditions resulted in reduced barley crop quality, i.e. higher protein samples, particularly in Eastern England, where much English malting barley is sourced. Under predicted climate change scenarios, such drought conditions are likely to become more frequent and will affect the spring crop much more than the winter crop, which can escape the worst effects of summer drought through a much earlier maturity. Whilst winter barley might therefore provide a more consistent supply, the proportion bought by English maltsters has declined by over 25% over the past 20 years. This decline is due to the reduced quality level of the winter crop compared to the spring so that distillers can produce 16 more litres of raw spirit per tonne of malt on average from the latter. For an industry predicted to use 600,000t of barley from the 2012 harvest, this is a highly significant difference in production efficiency.All current UK winter barley malting varieties have been derived from Maris Otter, first recommended in 1965. Maris Otter combined the spring malting quality attributes of an older variety, Proctor, with the winter habit of Pioneer. Proctor was the major spring malting variety in the UK for many years but the introduction of Triumph was a quantum leap forward for the spring crop in terms of both quality and yield. In a previous project, we have analysed DNA fingerprints of UK spring and winter barley malting cultivars to identify genetic differences between the two crops that are associated with malting quality. Whilst plant breeders have previously tried to introgress spring quality attributes into winter barley, they have relied on chance events to assemble the right genes, which is an impossible task when the crops differ at thousands of genes. But we now have the knowledge and tools to conduct the introgression of spring attributes into winter barley in a highly targeted manner to test the hypothesis that their introduction will improve winter malting quality. The germplasm emerging from this proposal will then be used by the plant breeding partners of the project in further rounds of crossing and selection to develop improved winter malting quality cultivars that approached the spring quality levels but in a suitable agronomic background for contemporary farming practise and would thus re-generate interest in using winter barley for malting for use in brewing and distilling. As indicated in the previous paragraph, greater use of the winter crop is likely to provide a more consistent supply of malting barley in the future. As malting supplies are becoming tighter due to a variety of market factors, a switch to the higher yielding winter crop would also mean that the effects of competition for land for more profitable crops would have a less pronounced effect upon malting barley supply. As six row barley varieties tend to have a higher yield than two row, a longer term aim is to develop six row malting types that would further decrease the land area required to secure a malting barley supply.

麦芽啤酒，酿酒师和酿酒师对大麦作物的长期可持续性感到担忧。欧洲许多地区的季节性问题导致麦芽大麦供应受到限制，这只是在阿根廷的收获高于平均水平所缓解。在英国，干旱条件导致大麦作物质量降低，即更高的蛋白质样本，尤其是在英格兰东部的蛋白质样本，那里有许多英国麦芽大麦。在预测的气候变化方案下，这种干旱状况可能会变得更加频繁，并且会比冬季作物更大，这可能会通过更早的成熟度避免夏季干旱的最严重影响。虽然冬季大麦可能会提供更一致的供应，但在过去20年中，英国麦芽啤酒的比例下降了25％以上。与春季相比，这种下降是由于冬季作物的质量水平降低，因此蒸馏器平均每吨麦芽可以产生16升原始精神。对于一个预计将在2012年收获中使用600,000吨大麦的行业，这在生产效率上是一个极为显着的差异。当前的所有英国冬季大麦麦芽麦芽杂种均来自马里斯·奥特（Maris Otter），首先推荐于1965年。马里斯·奥特（Maris Otter）结合了较旧品种的春季麦芽麦芽质质量，Proctor，Proctor，Proct，以及Pioneer的冬季习惯。普罗克托（Proctor）多年来一直是英国的主要春季麦芽潮型品种，但就质量和产量而言，胜利的引入是春季作物的量子飞跃。在以前的项目中，我们分析了英国春季和冬季大麦麦芽品种的DNA指纹，以鉴定两种与麦芽质量相关的农作物之间的遗传差异。虽然植物育种者以前曾试图将春季质量归因于冬季大麦，但他们依靠偶然的事件组装正确的基因，当农作物在数千个基因上不同时，这是不可能的任务。但是，我们现在拥有知识和工具，以高度针对性的方式将春季属性渗入冬季大麦，以检验其引入将提高冬季麦芽麦质量的假设。然后，该提案中出现的种质将由该项目的植物育种伙伴在进一步的交叉和选择中使用，以开发改善的冬季麦芽质品种，这些品种接近春季质量水平，但在适当的农艺背景中，用于现代农业实践，因此将重新培养冬季大麦用于啤酒酿造和蒸馏和蒸馏的兴趣。如前一段中所示，冬季作物的更多使用可能会在将来提供更一致的麦芽大麦供应。由于各种市场因素，麦芽料供应变得越来越紧，因此转向较高的冬季作物也将意味着土地竞争对更多有利可图的农作物的影响对麦芽大麦供应的影响不太明显。由于六排大麦品种的产量往往高于两排，因此，长期的目标是开发六种麦芽类型，这将进一步降低确保麦芽大麦供应所需的土地面积。