Economic Development and Environmental Changes in South Asia

南亚经济发展与环境变化

• 批准号: 10116103
• 负责人: YANAGISAWA Haruka
• 金额: $ 16.9万
• 依托单位: The University of Tokyo
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (A)
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1998 至 2000
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10116103/
• 关键词: South Asia; Environment; Demography; Agriculture; Livestock; Deseases; Economic Development; Forest; 人口; 家畜; 病気; 都市

The project has aimed at clarifying ecological and environmental changes witnessed in the process of economic development in south Asia. The main findings are as follows :1. Our village-level field study in a Deccan district, India, reveals that farmers there have developed a sophisticated system of millet cultivation, which is well adapted to the local natural environment. The yield per acre of the cultivation is high enough to feed the dense population in the district.2. The area under forest in India decreased till 1980, but in the 80s and 90s the decrease almost stopped. In addition to such factors as the change in government forest policy and the expansion of farm forestry, the increase in non-agricultural employment in rural areas has contributed to the preservation of forest lands by weakening the expansion of cultivation into uncultivated lands.3. Both birth and mortality rate is lower in south India than in north Indian states. Out analysis of statistical data has established that this difference in demographic pattern was already witnessed at the end of the 19th century. The difference seems to have related to patterns of social structure and of ecological conditions.4. An attempt has been made to combine historical data obtained in archives and remote-sensing data. Ecological changes between 1760s and 1990s have been traced for a district in south India based on this method.5. As regards livestock economy, a strong connection between famines and livestock population has been found. The project also clarified the changes in breeding system and in the composition of livestock that have been caused by the Green Revolution in agriculture and the increasing use of tractors in this section.

该项目旨在阐明南亚经济发展过程中所发生的生态和环境变化。主要研究结果如下： 1．我们在印度德干地区进行的村庄级实地研究表明，那里的农民已经开发出了一套复杂的小米种植系统，非常适合当地的自然环境。每英亩种植的产量足够高，足以养活该地区的密集人口。2．印度的森林面积直到1980年一直在减少，但到了80年代和90年代几乎停止了减少。除了政府林业政策变化、农林业规模扩大等因素外，农村地区非农就业的增加，削弱了耕地向荒地的扩张，有利于林地的保护。3．印度南部邦的出生率和死亡率均低于印度北部邦。对统计数据的分析表明，这种人口模式的差异早在 19 世纪末就已经出现。这种差异似乎与社会结构和生态条件的模式有关。4．已尝试将档案中获得的历史数据与遥感数据结合起来。以此方法为基础，追踪了印度南部某地区1760年代至1990年代的生态变化。5．就畜牧经济而言，饥荒与牲畜数量之间存在密切联系。该项目还阐明了农业绿色革命和拖拉机使用增加所造成的饲养系统和牲畜构成的变化。