Perspective-Taking in Conversation

对话中换位思考

• 批准号: 2217478
• 负责人: Sarah Brown-Schmidt
• 金额: $ 38.19万
• 依托单位: Vanderbilt University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-08-01 至 2025-07-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2217478&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Perspective; Taking; Conversation

Imagine taking your seat in an airplane and after exchanging pleasantries, your seatmate tells you that they are a pilot. At this point, you might ask the person something about what it's like to fly a plane or perhaps about where they learned to fly. But where would that conversation have gone if your seatmate instead told you she is a stay-at-home mom? In that case, you might ask how many children she has, their ages, etc. That is, we can change the course of a conversation “on-the-fly” in an informed and principled way, making inferences and calculations about what other people might know and believe. Yet we know little about the cognitive mechanisms that guide interactive conversation. To date, most of the literature on conversational interaction focuses on the information that the conversational partners know they share, also called the "common ground." But how do we discover what information we share with a conversational partner? And how do we figure out what information we probably don't share? In this project, the investigator uses behavioral experiments to determine how people form detailed, probabilistic representations of what their conversational partner might know, as compared with what they themselves know. Findings will provide insight into how these representations are used during conversational interactions and how they influence memory for conversation. This research probes the cognitive mechanisms that allow people to engage in everyday conversation by exploring the idea that conversational partners represent their own perspective in a situation, form a representation of their partner's perspective, and compare the two, in order to determine the differences and similarities. Twelve proposed experiments test predictions of this perspective-comparison hypothesis and will provide insights into how conversational partners ask and answer questions and how memory for conversation is shaped. Broader impacts of the work include research training for graduate students and a large cohort of undergraduates. In addition, several high school students will participate in the research process from start to finish. Students from under-represented and minoritized groups are recruited locally and nationally. De-identified data and code will be made publicly available along with study pre-registrations. Findings will advance understanding of psychological and linguistic processes, advance the design of computerized dialog systems, and offer insights into pedagogical research.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

想象一下，坐在飞机上，交换愉悦的人后，您的同伴告诉您他们是飞行员。在这一点上，您可能会问这个人关于飞机或学会飞行的地方的感觉。但是，如果您的同伴告诉您她是一个全职妈妈，那么谈话将在哪里进行？在这种情况下，您可能会问她有多少个孩子，他们的年龄等。也就是说，我们可以以知情的和校长的方式“正常地”对话的过程，对其他人可能知道和相信的信息进行信息和计算。然而，我们对指导互动对话的认知机制知之甚少。迄今为止，关于对话互动的大多数文献都集中在对话伙伴所知道的信息上，也称为“共同点”。但是，我们如何发现与对话伙伴共享的哪些信息？我们如何弄清楚我们可能不共享的哪些信息？在这个项目中，研究人员使用行为实验来确定人们如何形成对话伙伴可能知道的详细，概率的表示，与他们自己所知道的相比。发现将提供有关如何在对话互动中使用这些表示形式以及它们如何影响对话记忆的信息。这项研究探究了认知机制，使人们可以通过探索对话伙伴在某种情况下代表自己的观点，形成伴侣的观点并比较两者来进行对话的观念，以确定差异和相似之处。十二个提出的实验测试了这种观点 - 比较假设的预测，并将提供有关对话伙伴如何提出和回答问题以及如何塑造对话的记忆的见解。这项工作的更广泛影响包括研究生的研究培训和大量的本科生。此外，一些高中生将从开始到结束。来自代表性不足和少数小组的学生将在当地和全国范围内招募。取消识别的数据和代码将与研究预注册一起公开提供。调查结果将提高人们对心理和语言过程的了解，推进计算机化对话系统的设计，并提供对教学研究的见解。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并通过评估该基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响来审查标准。