Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: City Living And Biological Frailty

博士论文改进奖：城市生活与生物脆弱性

• 批准号: 1825362
• 负责人: James Wood
• 金额: $ 1.37万
• 依托单位: Pennsylvania State Univ University Park
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-07-01 至 2019-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1825362&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Award; City

While increased population density and the growth of cities are often thought to be important sources of social and economic opportunity, the potential negative effects of urbanization can sometimes harm human health. In living societies, increasing settlement and population density can be accompanied by greater exposure and susceptibility to dangerous infectious diseases, social inequality, unsanitary living conditions, and unstable food supplies. Paleodemography; the study of human populations in the archaeological past based on skeletal remains - can provide important insights into the complex relationships between people, their social and physical environments, and their diseases even in the absence of written historical records. This project will investigate the effects of urbanization on human health and the risk of death in medieval Denmark (c. AD 1050-1536) to disentangle the social and biological influences on human health in changing populations. In paleodemography, "frailty" is defined as an individual's age-adjusted risk of death. Frailty can vary owing to individual differences in susceptibility to disease and death that may have underlying genetic, social, or environmental causes. New statistical analyses of skeletal samples from medieval Denmark will be used to determine how patterns of variation in frailty and risk of death in the past differed as a result of increased urbanization during the medieval period. This project will inform us about the role of urbanization in past preindustrial populations that dealt with the same illnesses and conditions that continue to influence people today, and as such will provide insight into how to avoid emerging health risks. Broader impacts of this study include museum exhibitions, public science outreach efforts (particularly aimed at promoting the role of women in scientific research), and continued international collaborations.This dissertation project brings together established paleodemographic approaches and a new model of frailty, along with newly-developed statistical methods, to investigate the relationship between childhood and adult frailty and the risk of death from skeletal data in order to determine the effects of urbanization on age-at-death distributions from medieval Denmark. Skeletal remains from the Ole Wormsgade urban cemetery, Sejet rural parish cemetery, and the monastic cemetery of Om Kloster, which represent samples of the people who occupied the area in and near the medieval port city of Horsens on the eastern coast of Jutland, Denmark, will be examined. These samples will be analyzed to determine: (1) how frailty and age-at-death patterns differed as a result of urbanization over the medieval period, (2) how males and females were affected differently by their social and physical environments within and across the three samples, and (3) what the relationship was between childhood frailty and resulting adult frailty and mortality. These goals will be met by estimating disease prevalence and the associated risk of death in relation to boney indicators of childhood stress, infection, and malnutrition.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

尽管人口密度增加和城市的增长通常被认为是社会和经济机会的重要来源，但城市化的潜在负面影响有时会损害人类健康。 在生活社会中，增加的定居点和人口密度可以伴随着对危险的传染病，社会不平等，不卫生的生活条件和不稳定的食品供应的更大暴露和易感性。 古生物学；基于骨骼遗骸的考古学中，人类人口的研究 - 可以为人们之间的复杂关系，社会和身体环境及其疾病之间的复杂关系提供重要的见解，即使在没有书面历史记录的情况下也是如此。 该项目将调查城市化对人类健康的影响以及中世纪丹麦的死亡风险（c。AD1050-1536）在不断变化的人群中解散了对人类健康的社会和生物学影响。 在古学人物学中，“脆弱”被定义为个人受年龄调整的死亡风险。 由于可能具有潜在的遗传，社会或环境原因的易感性和死亡的易感性，因此脆弱的情况可能会有所不同。 来自中世纪丹麦的骨骼样本的新统计分析将用于确定过去的脆弱和死亡风险的变化模式如何因中世纪的城市化增加而导致的差异方式有所不同。 该项目将告知我们城市化在过去工业前人口中的作用，这些人口处理了当今继续影响人们的疾病和状况，因此将提供有关如何避免出现健康风险的洞察力。 这项研究的更广泛影响包括博物馆展览，公共科学宣传工作（尤其是旨在促进妇女在科学研究中的作用），并继续国际合作。该论文项目将既定的古人口统计学方法和新的脆弱模式融合在一起，以及新的脆弱模式以及新的新模式。 - 开发的统计方法，以研究儿童和成人脆弱的关系以及骨骼数据死亡的风险，以确定城市化对中世纪丹麦的死亡年龄分布的影响。 来自Ole Wormsgade Urban公墓，塞吉特农村教区公墓的骨骼残留物和Om Kloster的修道院公墓，这些墓地代表了居住在丹麦东部丹麦东部海岸的中世纪港口城市及其附近的人们的样本将被检查。 这些样本将进行分析以确定：（1）由于中世纪的城市化而导致城市化的脆弱和死亡模式有何不同，（2）男性和女性如何受到其内部和整个社会和身体环境的不同影响这三个样本，以及（3）儿童脆弱与成年脆弱和死亡率之间的关系。 这些目标将通过估计疾病患病率和与儿童期压力，感染和营养不良指标有关的疾病患病率和相关死亡风险实现。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是值得通过基金会的知识分子和智力优点和评估的支持。更广泛的影响审查标准。