From bats to humans: the social, ecological and biological dynamics of pathogen spillover

从蝙蝠到人类：病原体溢出的社会、生态和生物动力学

• 批准号: G0902430/1
• 负责人: James Wood
• 金额: $ 6.49万
• 依托单位: University of Cambridge
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=G0902430%2F1
• 关键词: bats; humans; social; ecological; biological

Newly-emerging infectious diseases pose a great challenge to human and animal health. Most new diseases, such as SARS and HIV-AIDS, originate from wild animals and it is predicted that many more new diseases will emerge from wildlife in the future. In particular, a series of highly virulent RNA (or ribonucleic acid) virus diseases of humans and domestic animals has emerged in the last 15 years from bats. These include SARS, Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Also, Ebola and Marburg fatal haemorrhagic fevers are now known to be caused by RNA viruses from bats. It is not yet understood why so many new and important diseases of humans have their origins inbats or how these diseases ?spill over? from bats into people, but there are many potential opportunities for these disease spillover events to occur. Examples include people sharing food sources with bats, the hunting and eating of bats and bats living in close proximity with people, either within the structures of houses or as massive populations roosting in cities. Also, indirect transmission can occur, whereby bat viruses infect other animals which, in turn, then infect people. In this Catalyst Grant Proposal, we aim to build relationships between researchers to understand the complex interactions between RNA viruses, their bat hosts and humans, in order to find out what causes bat viruses to spill over into people and how this can be prevented. We also aim to understand how people perceive bats and the diseases caught from them and how these diseases are diagnosed by the medical profession in different countries. This improved knowledge and diagnosis will reduce the public health risks. This catalyst proposal will be used to create an interdisciplinary team of international experts to investigate virus transmission between bats and humans. We will review current discipline-specific literature and plan a comprehensive, holistic programme of research that addresses the complex and interwoven facets of virus spillover from bats to humans. Reviews will be written on the factors underlying infection spillover, incorporating ecological, medical, social and environmental perspectives and how changing environments and livelihoods lead to new kinds of bat-human interactions. A final workshop will be used to develop a structure for a research consortium proposal: the specific research questions and the scientific approaches needed to explore bat-to-human viral transmission will be decided and practical details, such as management structure, communication strategies and user engagement, will be addressed.

新发传染病给人类和动物健康带来巨大挑战。大多数新疾病，如非典和艾滋病，都源自野生动物，预计未来还会出现更多新疾病。特别是，在过去15年里，一系列由蝙蝠引起的人类和家畜的高毒力RNA（或核糖核酸）病毒疾病已经出现。其中包括 SARS、亨德拉病毒和尼帕病毒。此外，埃博拉和马尔堡致命出血热现在已知是由蝙蝠的 RNA 病毒引起的。目前尚不清楚为什么人类如此多的新的重要疾病都起源于蝙蝠，或者这些疾病是如何“蔓延”的？从蝙蝠传染给人类，但这些疾病溢出事件有很多潜在的机会发生。例子包括人们与蝙蝠分享食物来源、猎杀和食用蝙蝠以及与人类近距离生活的蝙蝠，无论是在房屋结构内还是在城市中栖息的大量蝙蝠。此外，还可能发生间接传播，即蝙蝠病毒感染其他动物，进而感染人类。在这项催化剂资助提案中，我们的目标是在研究人员之间建立联系，以了解 RNA 病毒、蝙蝠宿主和人类之间复杂的相互作用，从而找出导致蝙蝠病毒传播到人类身上的原因以及如何预防这种情况。我们还旨在了解人们如何看待蝙蝠和蝙蝠带来的疾病，以及不同国家的医学界如何诊断这些疾病。这种知识和诊断的改进将减少公共卫生风险。该催化剂提案将用于创建一个由国际专家组成的跨学科团队，以调查蝙蝠和人类之间的病毒传播。我们将回顾当前特定学科的文献，并计划一项全面、整体的研究计划，以解决病毒从蝙蝠传播到人类的复杂且相互交织的方面。评论将涵盖感染溢出的潜在因素，包括生态、医学、社会和环境视角，以及环境和生计的变化如何导致蝙蝠与人类之间的新型互动。最后的研讨会将用于制定研究联盟提案的结构：将决定探索蝙蝠到人类的病毒传播所需的具体研究问题和科学方法以及实际细节，例如管理结构、沟通策略和用户参与，将得到解决。