Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Terraces, Warfare, and Climate Change: Late Intermediate Period Agricultural Risk Management Strategies Puno, Peru (A.D. 1100-1450)

博士论文改进补助金：梯田、战争和气候变化：中后期农业风险管理策略秘鲁普诺（公元 1100-1450 年）

• 批准号: 1305140
• 负责人: David Browman
• 金额: $ 2.51万
• 依托单位: Washington University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-05-01 至 2016-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1305140&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Terraces

Under the guidance of Dr. David Browman, Ms. BrieAnna Langlie will conduct archaeological excavations and analyze ancient plant remains to measure how farmers in the Peruvian Andes near Lake Titicaca adapted their agricultural strategies to account for a period of prolonged drought and intense warfare during the Peruvian Late Intermediate period (LIP; A.D. 1100-1450). During this unstable time, a warring ethnic group called the Colla occupied nucleated hilltop forts flanked by agricultural terraces. This research will be carried out at one of the largest Colla fortresses called Machu Llaqta, and will examine human agricultural adaptation as a metric to understand the relative importance of climate change and warfare to peoples' daily lives. Methods include excavations of terraces adjacent to Machu Llaqta, utilization of dating methods to determine the age of terraces, and analyses of previously excavated ancient plant remains. Dating methods include optically stimulated luminescence dating and accelerator mass spectrometry dating of radiocarbon. Analyses of ancient plant remains consist of identification of preserved seeds and stems, and starch grain residues recovered from the living quarters of the fort, and pollen analysis of soils recovered from adjacent agricultural terraces. This research will clarify the specific social and environmental factors that motivated LIP food production, agricultural technologies, and plant procurement strategies. Researchers currently contest the severities of ancient Andean climate change and warfare. These new data will provide a metric for understanding the perceived severity of warfare and climate change during the LIP. Identifying when ancient altiplano (high altitude) farmers constructed terraces will be a major advancement in the understanding of Titicaca basin agriculture. While previous research has only generalized about the impact of terrace agriculture in the altiplano, Ms. Langlie's findings will directly correlate terrace technology to the pre-history and environmental chronology of the Peruvian Andes. These data will address wider theoretical discussions in the region such as climate change, political involvement in agriculture, and the motivations behind agricultural intensification. This project aims to study the deep time history of traditional ecological knowledge in a characteristically marginal landscape, especially during a period of climate change and warfare. Locally developed indigenous knowledge provides an appropriate model for environmentally and socially sustainable agriculture. With the impending worldwide increase in annual temperature predicted in the next century, local models of social and environmental sustainability will be essential. This research tests the local deep time political ecological sustainability of terrace agriculture, which remains an enduring and sustainable farming method. Ms. Langlie's investigation builds on the fifteen-year collaboration between U.S. and Peruvian researchers as part of the Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute located in Puno, Peru. Important results of this project will be graduate student training, and improved resources for future archaeological investigations in the region. International collaboration will be an integral part of this project. The cooperation of the Ministerio de Cultura in Peru, the Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute, Ms. Langlie, and other researchers in the U.S. foster and promote strong international collaborations.

在戴维·布洛曼（David Browman）博士的指导下，布里纳·朗利（Brieanna Langlie）女士将进行考古发掘，并分析古老的工厂，尚待衡量秘鲁安第斯山脉附近的农民如何改编泰塔卡湖（Lake Titicaca）的农业策略，以说明其在秘密的较长的干旱和强烈的战争期间，在菲尔德富裕的晚期期间（Lip; a.a.d.d.d.1 00-150-15）。在这个不稳定的时期，一个称为Colla的交战族群占据了有核的山顶堡垒，两侧是农业露台。这项研究将在称为Machu Llaqta的最大的Colla要塞之一进行，并将研究人类的农业适应性，以了解气候变化和战争对人民日常生活的相对重要性。方法包括与Machu Llaqta相邻的露台发掘，使用约会方法确定露台时代的使用以及对先前发掘的古代植物的分析。约会方法包括放射性碳的光学刺激发光日期和加速器质谱法。对古代植物的分析仍然包括鉴定保留的种子和茎，以及从堡垒的起居区中回收的淀粉谷物残留物，以及从相邻农业露台回收的土壤的花粉分析。 这项研究将阐明促进唇部食品生产，农业技术和植物采购策略的特定社会和环境因素。目前，研究人员对古代安第斯气候变化和战争的严重性进行了质疑。这些新数据将提供一个指标，以了解嘴唇期间战争和气候变化的严重程度。 确定何时古老的Altiplano（高海拔）农民建造梯田将是对甲二省盆地农业的理解的重大进步。尽管以前的研究仅概括了露台农业对Altiplano的影响，但Langlie女士的发现将直接将露台技术与秘鲁安第斯山脉的史前和环境时间顺序相关联。这些数据将介绍该地区的更广泛的理论讨论，例如气候变化，农业的政治参与以及农业强化背后的动机。该项目旨在研究特征边缘景观的传统生态知识的深刻历史，尤其是在气候变化和战争的时期。本地发展的土著知识为环境和社会可持续的农业提供了适当的模型。随着下一世纪预计全球年度温度的即将升高，社会和环境可持续性的当地模型将是必不可少的。这项研究测试了露台农业的当地深层政治生态可持续性，这仍然是一种持久且可持续的农业方法。 Langlie女士的调查基于美国和秘鲁研究人员之间的十五年合作，这是位于秘鲁Puno的Collasuyo考古研究所的一部分。该项目的重要结果将是研究生培训，并改善了该地区未来考古调查的资源。 国际合作将是该项目不可或缺的一部分。 秘鲁部长的合作，科拉索约考古研究所，朗利女士和美国的其他研究人员养育并促进了强大的国际合作。