Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Technology, Society, and Change: Shell Artifact Production among the Manteno (A.D. 800-1535) of Coastal Ecuador

博士论文改进补助金：技术、社会和变革：厄瓜多尔沿海曼特诺人（公元 800-1535 年）的贝壳工艺品生产

• 批准号: 0417579
• 负责人: David Browman
• 金额: $ 1万
• 依托单位: Washington University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-03-01 至 2006-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0417579&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Technology

Under the supervision of Dr. David L. Browman, Benjamin Carter will analyze shell artifacts from a series of sites once occupied by the Manteno, who lived on the north and central coasts of Ecuador from approximately A.D. 800 until 1535. These people were Phoenician-like merchants who managed a trade network extending from Chile in the south and Mexico to the north. Although they traded many different wares, among the most important goods were colorful shell beads made from the marine bivalve, Spondylus. The natural habitat of Spondylus extends from the Gulf of California to the Gulf of Guayaquil, which is also the southern limit of the Manteno area. They had, therefore, a near monopoly on Spondylus trade to the precocious empires of the Andes to the south where it was religiously and politically essential. Although Spondylus has been studied in these consumer societies, no study has been completed on the manufacture and use of Spondylus in producing societies, of which the Manteno were of particular importance. Without such a study we cannot adequately understand the role of Spondylus in Pacific South America. This research will remedy this omission through an analysis of shell production utilizing an approach known as the chaine operatoire. This approach is both methodologically and theoretically rigorous, requiring collection of significant numbers of relevant data on the technology of production in order to reconnect it to society in general. Over 5000 artifacts will be measured, categorically quantified, and cataloged. The context from which the object was recovered will serve to reconnect it to prehistoric living and activity spaces and, therefore, to a lived existence. Artifacts from six previously excavated archaeological sites, each representing one of three different time phases of the Manteno period and one of two geographic areas, will be investigated. This broad sample ensures that the project will closely represent shell production among the Manteno through time and space. Spondylus beads served an important role in trade, but other shell artifacts were for local consumption. Therefore, all shell artifacts, as well as associated tools, will be analyzed. The chaine operatoire approach has not been used to study shell artifact production and will, therefore, contribute to both the methodological and theoretical aspects of this approach as well as to studies of craft production in general. The research will have evident importance for fellow social scientists. In addition, it will contribute to the cultural heritage of the Ecuador by scientifically analyzing one aspect of the national patrimony. This is especially important for the people of the Ecuadorian coast, who are descendants of the Manteno and have lost much of their history through colonial rule. This is no small matter; Spondylus has been used to symbolize a recent peace accord between Ecuador and Peru. One means this information will be disseminated is through a public presentation coordinated with the Ecuadorian national Institute of Cultural Patrimony. This project will also include graduate student training, thereby contributing to the continuance of scientific archaeology.

在戴维·L·布罗曼（David L.尽管他们交易了许多不同的商品，但最重要的商品中是由spondylus海洋双壳类制成的五颜六色的壳珠。 Spondylus的自然栖息地从加利福尼亚湾延伸到Guayaquil湾，Guayaquil也是Manteno地区的南部极限。因此，他们几乎垄断了spondylus贸易与南部安第斯山脉早熟的帝国，在宗教和政治上至关重要。尽管已经在这些消费社会中进行了研究，但尚未完成有关脊柱在生产社会中的制造和使用的研究，而曼特诺特别重要。没有这样的研究，我们将无法充分理解脊柱在太平洋南美的作用。 这项研究将通过使用一种称为Chaine Operatoire的方法对壳生产进行分析来解决这一遗漏。这种方法在理论上和理论上都是严格的，需要收集有关生产技术的大量相关数据，以便将其重新连接到社会。将测量，量化和分类5000多个工件。恢复对象的上下文将有助于将其重新连接到史前的生活和活动空间，从而将其连接到生存的存在。将研究来自六个先前发掘的考古遗址的伪像，每个遗址代表了曼特诺时期的三个不同时间阶段之一和两个地理区域之一。这个广泛的样本可确保该项目在曼顿之间在曼顿之间密切代表贝壳生产。 Spondylus珠在贸易中发挥了重要作用，但其他壳文品也用于当地消费。因此，将分析所有外壳工件以及相关的工具。连锁操作方法尚未用于研究壳伪影的生产，因此将有助于该方法的方法论和理论方面以及一般的工艺生产研究。这项研究对于社会科学家来说将显而易见。 此外，它将通过科学地分析民族遗产的一个方面来为厄瓜多尔的文化遗产做出贡献。对于厄瓜多尔海岸人民来说，这一点尤其重要，他们是曼特诺的后代，并通过殖民统治失去了许多历史。这没什么小的。 Spondylus已被用来象征厄瓜多尔与秘鲁之间的最新和平协定。一种意味着将传播这些信息是通过与厄瓜多尔国家文化遗产研究所协调的公开演讲。该项目还将包括研究生培训，从而为科学考古的延续做出了贡献。