Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Agricultural Intensification and the Emergence of Complex Societies on the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia

博士论文改进补助金：玻利维亚塔拉科半岛的农业集约化和复杂社会的出现

• 批准号: 0321720
• 负责人: David Browman
• 金额: $ 0.69万
• 依托单位: Washington University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-09-01 至 2006-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0321720&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Agricultural

Under the supervision of Dr. David Browman, Maria Bruno will investigate theprocess of agricultural intensification and it role in the development of earlypolities during the Formative Period (1500 B.C. - A.D. 500) on the TaracoPeninsula, Bolivia. The Taraco Peninsula is located in on the southern shoresof the Lake Titicaca Basin in the Andean South America and previousarchaeological investigations here suggest that the first regional polity, theTaraco Peninsula Polity, emerged c. 250 B.C. Clarifying the development of suchearly regional polities is necessary for understanding the emergence of thebasin's first state-level society, Tiwanaku, c. A.D. 500.Several researchers suggest that increased agricultural production played acentral role in the development of these early polities and the Tiwanakustate. It is hypothesized that emerging elites created an economic surplus byorchestrating the increased production of agricultural goods. Currentunderstanding of agricultural intensification in the Lake Titicaca Basin,however, is based only on studies of settlement patterns, stone tool use, andpaleoethnobotanical analysis of crop plants. Although these studies documentincreasing agricultural production throughout the Formative, available datasets are too coarse-grained to verify postulated links between changes inagricultural production and concomitant socio-political developments. Brunoproposes to resolve this issue by conducting an ethnobotanical study of present-day agricultural practices on the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia. This study willaid in the analysis and interpretation of archaeological plant remains from twoFormative period sites, Kala Uyuni and Yanapata, from the same region.Through 13 months of ethnobotanical fieldwork among Aymara communities on theTaraco Peninsula, including interviews, participation in agriculturalactivities, and farmer-guided plant collections, Bruno will create acomparative floral collection that reflects local agricultural production. Theethnographically derived comparative collection will not only provide datanecessary for the identification of archaeological plant taxa, but also willfurnish corollary data on human activities that create observable patterns inplant morphology and ecology. These data will aid in the analysis of archaeological plant remains recovered from the Taraco Archaeological Project's excavations at Kala Uyuni andYanapata, directed by Drs. Christine Hastorf and Matthew Bandy. Using acombination of paleoethnobotanical analytical techniques, Bruno will track thefrequency of all plant taxa through time across different archaeologicalcontexts. In particular, crops and weedy plant taxa will be analyzed toelucidate the timing and character of Formative period agriculturalintensification. AMS dating of carbonized plant remains will allow precisecomparison of agricultural change with documented climatic and socio-politicalchanges. This integrative approach will permit Bruno to clarify the role ofagricultural intensification in the development of the Taraco Peninsula Polity,as well as contribute to more general anthropological theories of agriculturalintensification and the emergence of complex societies.

在戴维·布罗曼（David Browman）博士的监督下，玛丽亚·布鲁诺（Maria Bruno）将调查农业强化的过程和IT在玻利维亚塔拉西宾森（Taracopeninsula）的形成期（公元前1500年 - 公元前500年）中的早期发展中的作用。塔拉科半岛（Taraco Peninsula）位于安第斯山脉南美的泰蒂卡卡湖盆地南部的南部，这里的前学研究表明，出现了第一个区域政体Thetaraco Peninsula Polity，出现了。公元前250年澄清这种区域政治的发展对于理解TheBasin的第一个州级社会的出现是必要的，Tiwanaku，c。公元500年。几个研究人员认为，增加的农业生产在这些早期政体和tiwanakustate的发展中起着普遍的作用。 假设新兴的精英创造了经济盈余，从而增加了农业产品的生产。然而，当前对甲二省盆地农业强化的无敏化仅基于对农作物植物的沉降模式，石工具的使用以及质乙醇植物分析的研究。 尽管这些研究记录了整个形成性的农业生产的研究，但可用的数据集太粗糙了，无法验证变化泛滥生产与伴随的社会政治发展之间的假定联系。 通过对玻利维亚塔拉科半岛当今农业实践进行民族植物学研究，可以解决这个问题。 这项研究将在两种时期的地点（Kala Uyuni和Yanapata）的分析和解释中进行分析和解释，来自同一地区。通过Aymara社区在Thetaraco Peninsula上进行13个月的民族植物学实地调查，包括在内 生产。 通过派生的比较收集不仅可以为识别考古植物分类群提供必要的数据，而且还将提供有关人类活动的推论数据，这些数据可以创造出可观察到的植物形态和生态学模式。这些数据将有助于对考古植物的分析，从塔拉科考古项目的发掘中回收了由DRS执导的Kala Uyuni Andyanapata的发掘。克里斯汀·哈斯托夫（Christine Hastorf）和马修·班迪（Matthew Bandy）。利用古植物学分析技术的结合，Bruno将在不同的考古范围内随着时间的推移跟踪所有植物分类群的频率。 特别是，将分析农作物和杂草植物分类群，以培养促降解形成期农业意识的时机和特征。 碳化植物遗体的AMS年代将通过有记录的气候和社会政治规则来精确地归因于农业变化。 这种综合方法将使布鲁诺能够阐明塔拉科半岛政体发展中农业强化的作用，并为更一般的农业意识化和复杂社会的出现做出贡献。