Collaborative Research: Multi-Level Response Diversity: Land Use, Livelihood Diversification and Resilience in northern Tanzania

合作研究：多层次响应多样性：坦桑尼亚北部的土地利用、生计多样化和复原力

• 批准号: 1122553
• 负责人: J. Terrence McCabe
• 金额: $ 16.96万
• 依托单位: University of Colorado at Boulder
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-09-15 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1122553&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Multi; Level; Response

Dr. Paul Leslie (Carolina Population Center, the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) and Dr. J. Terrence McCabe (University of Colorado) will undertake research on how variation in household and community responses to environmental changes and policy constraints affect the overall resilience of socio-ecological systems, and the role of cultural institutions in those systems. Data to develop models to explore these issues will be collected in Tanzania. Throughout much of East Africa, traditionally nomadic and semi-nomadic herders have been adopting agriculture and engaging in labor migration. The environmental and social consequences of these changes are likely to be profound but remain poorly understood. This project will clarify the causes of the changing land use and livelihood patterns, and will explore how these changes affect the social-ecological system, including the viability of households and communities and the impacts on land cover and biodiversity. A particular focus will be response diversity. Response diversity results from the fact that not all actors (individuals, households, communities) respond the same way to changing conditions; the variation in response may be more important than the typical or average response in understanding the effects of decision making under changing conditions.The project is innovative in its integration of empirical field-based research with agent-based modeling (ABM), a computer simulation technique that is well-suited to studying complex systems in which households and communities interact with one another and make decisions influenced by changing conditions. Used together, these methods will reveal much about how land use, livelihoods, family demography, population growth and other factors respond to changes in the physical and political-economic environment, especially unpredictable fluctuations and shocks that test overall system resilience. Shocks can be climatic (e.g., severe droughts), biotic (e.g., livestock disease epidemics), and sociopolitical (e.g., loss of access to pasture and other resources when conservation areas are established). The scientific significance of this research lies in its contribution to understanding and theorizing the very complex effects of response diversity on socio-ecological resilience. The research results will have a direct bearing on conservation and development in East Africa and will also help to understand changing socio-ecological systems elsewhere. The researchers' findings also will suggest ways of mitigating the potentially negative impacts of social and ecological change on human well-being while also promoting effective conservation and development measures.

Paul Leslie 博士（卡罗莱纳州人口中心、北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）和 J. Terrence McCabe 博士（科罗拉多大学）将开展研究，了解家庭和社区对环境变化和政策限制的反应变化如何影响总体社会生态系统的复原力，以及文化机构在这些系统中的作用。用于开发模型来探索这些问题的数据将在坦桑尼亚收集。在东非大部分地区，传统的游牧和半游牧牧民一直在从事农业并从事劳务移民。这些变化的环境和社会后果可能是深远的，但人们仍然知之甚少。 该项目将阐明土地利用和生计模式变化的原因，并将探讨这些变化如何影响社会生态系统，包括家庭和社区的生存能力以及对土地覆盖和生物多样性的影响。 特别关注的是响应多样性。反应多样性源于以下事实：并非所有参与者（个人、家庭、社区）对不断变化的条件做出相同的反应；在理解变化条件下决策的影响时，响应的变化可能比典型或平均响应更重要。该项目的创新之处在于将基于实证的现场研究与基于主体的建模（ABM）（一种计算机模拟）相结合这种技术非常适合研究复杂系统，在这些系统中，家庭和社区相互影响，并根据不断变化的条件做出决策。 这些方法结合起来使用，将揭示土地利用、生计、家庭人口、人口增长和其他因素如何应对自然和政治经济环境的变化，特别是测试整体系统弹性的不可预测的波动和冲击。冲击可能是气候（例如严重干旱）、生物（例如牲畜疾病流行）和社会政治（例如建立保护区后无法获得牧场和其他资源）。这项研究的科学意义在于它有助于理解和理论化应对多样性对社会生态恢复力的非常复杂的影响。研究结果将对东非的保护和发展产生直接影响，也将有助于了解其他地方不断变化的社会生态系统。 研究人员的研究结果还将提出如何减轻社会和生态变化对人类福祉的潜在负面影响，同时促进有效的保护和发展措施。