Coping with Community-Based and Personal Trauma: National Response Following September 11th

应对社区和个人创伤：9 月 11 日之后的国家应对措施

• 批准号: 0215937
• 负责人: Roxane Silver
• 金额: $ 35万
• 依托单位: University of California-Irvine
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-15 至 2005-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0215937&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Coping; Community; Based; Personal; Trauma

At some point in their lives, most people encounter stressful events that can have a major impact on the course and direction of their lives. However, after decades of research, it is clear that many assumptions held in society about how individuals respond to life's traumas have not survived empirical test. For example, in contrast to widely held myths about the coping process, the data fail to demonstrate universal reactions to stressful life events. Despite the popular belief that emotional and cognitive responses to stress follow a clear pattern, there is little empirical evidence for an orderly sequence of stages of response. Understanding the general process of coping will be enhanced through examination of group and individual differences, as well as similarities, in response to a variety of negative life experiences.The principal investigator started a longitudinal investigation of early emotional, cognitive, and social responses to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Using an anonymous Web-based survey methodology, stress and coping data were collected from a large nationally representative sample of adults and adolescent/parent dyads (with an over-sampling from 4 cities that have experienced community-based trauma: New York City, Oklahoma City, Miami, and Littleton, CO) at 9-14 days, two months, and six months following September 11. This project continues the prospective study, following the sample with four specific aims: 1) To investigate the psychological and social processes that help explain individual differences in response to a national traumatic event; 2) To identify early predictors of long-term adjustment to both the 9/11 attacks and subsequent events that may occur; 3) To compare responses to the 9/11 events among individuals who have previously experienced a traumatic event (either personally or in their communities) with those who have not previously encountered trauma; and 4) To investigate prospectively the psychological and social processes that help explain variation in response to various stressful life events more generally.The unparalleled nationwide impact of the September 11th attacks, coupled with the large and representative nature of the existing national sample and the early collection of emotional, cognitive and social responses to these events, provides a remarkable opportunity to examine longitudinally how individuals and communities respond to stressful life events more generally. Such an examination can be conducted without several specific methodological limitations that have plagued prior research (e.g., small or demographically homogenous samples). Information collected in this effort can illuminate the coping process more generally so as to advance future conceptual work in this area. Moreover, it can further the understanding of the unique needs of traumatized individuals and provide information to help identify individuals at risk for subsequent difficulties. With these data in hand, educational and intervention efforts that are designed and implemented among health care professionals and the community at large can be better informed, more cost-effective and more sensitive to the needs of the populace.

在他们生活的某个时刻，大多数人会遇到压力大的事件，这些事件可能会对他们的生活的过程和方向产生重大影响。但是，经过数十年的研究，很明显，社会上对个人如何应对生命创伤的许多假设尚未在经验测试中幸存下来。例如，与广泛拥有有关应对过程的神话相反，数据未能证明对压力性生活事件的普遍反应。尽管人们认为对压力的情绪和认知反应遵循明确的模式，但几乎没有有序的反应阶段的经验证据。通过检查群体和个体差异以及相似性，了解应对的一般过程，以响应各种负面的生活经验。首席研究者开始对早期的情绪，认知和社会反应进行纵向调查，对2001年9月11日的恐怖袭击。使用基于匿名的网络调查方法和代表的成年人的成年人（与成年）的成年人相提并论（（来自经历社区创伤的4个城市的过度采样：纽约市，俄克拉荷马城，迈阿密和科罗拉多州利特尔顿，在9月11日之后的9-14天，两个月和六个月。该项目继续进行了前瞻性研究，此前的样本具有四个特定的目标：1），以帮助调查针对国家 /地区的响应事件的个人差异。 2）确定对9/11攻击和随后发生的事件的长期调整的早期预测因素； 3）将以前经历过创伤事件（个人或其社区中）的个人之间的9/11事件与以前没有遇到创伤的人进行比较； 4）为了对各种压力的生活事件的响应进行前瞻性地调查，可以更普遍地解释差异。9月11日攻击的全国无与伦比的影响，再加上现有民族样本的巨大而代表性的性质以及早期的情感，认知和社会对这些事件的反应，为这些事件提供了一个卓越的机会，可以更加努力地审查个人和社区的努力，使人们更加努力地响应纵向和社区的生活。 可以在没有困扰先前研究的几个特定方法学局限性的情况下进行此类检查（例如，小型或人口统计学的样本）。在这项工作中收集的信息可以更普遍地阐明应对过程，从而推进该领域的未来概念工作。此外，它可以进一步理解受创伤的人的独特需求，并提供信息，以帮助确定面临后续困难的人的风险。借助这些数据，在医疗保健专业人员和整个社区中设计和实施的教育和干预工作可以更好地了解，更具成本效益，并且对民众需求更加敏感。