Socioeconomic gradients in mortality new questions about personality and IQ

死亡率的社会经济梯度 关于人格和智商的新问题

• 批准号: 9143551
• 负责人: Benjamin P Chapman
• 金额: $ 63.69万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-09-30 至 2021-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9143551
• 关键词: Accounting; Adult; Age; Area; Birth; Bolus Infusion; Caring; Childhood; Data; Data Collection; Decision Making; Development; Differential Mortality; Discrimination; Economics; Ethnic Origin; Formulation; Gender; Health; Health Benefit; Health Policy; Heart; Individual; Inequality; Intelligence; Life; Life Expectancy; Light; Link; Longevity; Measurement; Mediator of activation protein; Medical; Minority; Modeling; Neurotic Disorders; Outcome; Participant; Pathway interactions; Personal Attribute; Personality; Persons; Phase; Physicians; Play; Policies; Policy Maker; Poverty; Premature Mortality; Public Policy; Race; Role; Sampling; Social Class; Social Responsibility; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status; Sociology; Staging; Structure; Surveys; Talents; Testing; War; Woman; base; cognitive ability; cohort; evidence base; follow-up; health difference; health disparity; health inequalities; high school; innovation; low socioeconomic status; member; men; minority health; mortality; multidisciplinary; psychologic; racial difference; racial discrimination; social; social inequality; socioeconomics; theories; trait

Project Summary Some have proposed that SES inequalities in mortality can be explained by the influence of individual traits upon both later SES and mortality. This so-called “indirect selection” model has far-reaching implications not only for social theory, but also for public policy. Vigorous debate exists over whether policies should treat health as a matter of personal responsibility dependent upon traits such as Conscientiousness and IQ, or as a matter of social responsibility dependent upon socioeconomic factors outside the individual's control. However, converging strands of theory suggest that the standard version of the indirect selection model may be overly simplistic in at least three respects. First, the “brute luck” of socioeconomic circumstances at birth likely influences not only later SES, but also individual traits. The strength of this influence likely explains some of the apparent role personality and IQ seem to play in explaining associations between adulthood SES and earlier mortality. Second, key pathways in the indirect selection model likely vary across both gender and race/ethnicity. Institutional barriers may reduce the economic and health benefits of meritocratic traits among women, minorities, and those growing up within limited opportunity structures. Third, many argue that the measurement of IQ (and possibly personality) is systematically biased across social class and race. If true, the apparent role of traits in SES and race differences in mortality could be spuriously inflated or systematically distorted. We have carefully set the stage for a 55-year mortality follow-up of over 94,000 members of Project Talent--a national cohort sampled during high school in 1960, and again when they were on average 29-30 years old. The sample is unprecedented in combining national US scope with depth of psychological measurement. Detailed information exists on the childhood SES of participants, cognitive ability and personality in high school, and attained SES by age 29-30. We also leverage unique aspects of the cohort's historical context—Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty—in exploratory questions on static and changing local economic opportunity structure and institutionalized racial discrimination. Our mortality data-collection approximates the end of the natural life expectancy of the PT cohort (age 72-73), allowing us to focus on premature mortality--arguably, the most sensitive barometers of health inequalities. Our team features a mix of experts from personality and sociology (including the PT Survey Director), includes a minority health expert and historian, and is led by a PI who has focused on these issues for the past several years. Our project is thus poised to test and refine pivotal au currant conjectures about the role personality and IQ may play in social mortality inequalities.

项目摘要 一些人提出，死亡率的SES不平等可以通过单个特征的影响来解释 在后来的SES和死亡率上。这种所谓的“间接选择”模型具有深远的影响而不是 仅针对社会理论，也适用于公共政策。关于政策是否应治疗的激烈辩论 健康责任的健康取决于诸如认真和智商等特征，或 社会责任问题取决于个人控制之外的社会经济因素。然而， 理论的融合链表明，间接选择模型的标准版本可能过于过 在至少三个方面中简单化。首先，出生时社会经济状况的“蛮族幸运”可能 不仅会影响SES，还影响单个特征。这种影响的优势可能解释了一些 明显的角色个性和智商似乎在解释成年和早期之间的关联方面发挥了作用 死亡。其次，间接选择模型中的关键途径在性别和性别可能会有所不同 种族/种族。机构障碍可能会降低精英特征的经济和健康益处 妇女，少数民族以及在有限的机会结构中成长的妇女。第三，许多人认为 智商（以及可能的个性）的测量在社会阶层和种族之间存在系统的偏见。如果是真的 特征在SES中的明显作用和在死亡率中的种族差异可能被夸大或系统地膨胀 扭曲。我们已经仔细地为55年的死亡率随访了94,000多名项目成员 人才 - 1960年高中时在高中时采样的国家队列，平均是29-30 年龄。该样本在将美国国家范围与心理深度相结合时是前所未有的 测量。存在有关参与者的童年，认知能力和 高中的个性，并在29-30岁之前附上SES。我们还利用了队列的独特方面 历史背景 - 林登·约翰逊（Lyndon Johnson）的贫困战争 - 探索性的问题，关于静态和不断变化 经济机会结构和制度化的种族歧视。我们的死亡率数据收集 近似PT队列（72-73岁）的自然预期寿命末期，使我们能够专注于 过早死亡率 - 毫无疑问，是健康不平等的最敏感晴雨表。我们的团队结合了 人格和社会学专家（包括PT调查总监）包括少数族裔健康专家 和历史学家，由PI领导，他在过去几年中一直专注于这些问题。我们的项目是 如此中毒以测试和完善有关角色个性的关键协议，智商可能会在 社会死亡率不平等。