Cracking the Olfactory Code

破解嗅觉密码

• 批准号: 10001592
• 负责人: Dmitry Rinberg
• 金额: $ 373.08万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-09-01 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10001592
• 关键词: Address; Affinity; Animals; Architecture; Area; Behavior; Behavioral; Behavioral Paradigm; Big Data; Biological; Brain; Brain region; Cerebellum; Chemicals; Code; Communities; Computer Models; Data; Data Analyses; Data Science Core; Data Set; Decision Making; Development; Dimensions; Electrophysiology (science); Environment; Esthesia; Frequencies; Hippocampus (Brain); Human; Image; Lead; Link; Logic; Machine Learning; Measures; Modality; Modeling; Molecular; Molecular Genetics; Mus; Nasal Epithelium; Neurobiology; Neurons; Odorant Receptors; Odors; Olfactory Pathways; Output; Parietal Lobe; Pattern; Perception; Peripheral; Physiology; Play; Prefrontal Cortex; Process; Psychophysics; Research; Resources; Sense Organs; Sensory; Smell Perception; Source; Stimulus; Structural Models; Structure; Synapses; System; Testing; Time; Vision; Work; base; combinatorial; data integration; design; experimental study; genetic manipulation; high dimensionality; imaging approach; in vivo; information processing; insight; meetings; neural circuit; new technology; novel; olfactory bulb; olfactory receptor; olfactory stimulus; optogenetics; piriform cortex; receptor; relating to nervous system; response; sensory stimulus; sensory system; stimulus processing; theories; working group

Project Summary (Overall: Cracking the Olfactory Code) Sensation drives perception, which informs decisions and actions. Olfaction is the main sense used by most animals to interact with the environment. However, olfaction remains shrouded in mystery — we do not know which molecular odorant features matter to the olfactory system and which do not, how information about these features is recombined to create holistic odor representations within the brain, or how those representations relate to perception. As a consequence, we lack an empirical understanding of the core transformations taking place at each stage of olfactory processing, which ultimately lead to perception and behavior. In addition, we lack a clear theoretical framework for understanding how a stimulus space that is both discrete and high-dimensional yields a perceptual space that is continuous and low dimensional. Because the olfactory system is “shallow” — meaning that within two synapses information about complete odor objects is abstracted and generalized — understanding this specific circuit will also afford general insight both into architecturally-related allocortical brain regions critical to behavior (e.g., cerebellum, hippocampus), and into cortical centers that play a key role in integrating diverse sources of information (e.g., prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex). Here we propose to reveal the computational logic of olfaction by collecting the first system-wide dataset of neural and perceptual responses to a large, principled set of odorants, and by applying a unified statistical and theoretical approach to its interpretation. This project will convene research groups with expertise that spans neurobiology, and will leverage recent technical advances in molecular genetics, neural imaging, electrophysiology, opto- and chemogenetics, human psychophysics, and machine learning to interrogate all levels (from peripheral receptors to cortex to perceptual and behavioral output) of the olfactory system. Taken together, these experiments will establish a reference dataset that reveals the key transformations performed by the olfactory system, test a key unifying theory for olfaction, and create a community-wide resource that will prompt new theory and experiment. This work will also have wide-ranging implications for our general understanding of how sensory information is organized in the brain to facilitate adaptive action.

项目摘要（总体：破解嗅觉密码） 感觉驱动知觉，知觉为决策和行动提供信息。嗅觉是人们使用的主要感觉。 大多数动物都与环境互动，然而，嗅觉仍然笼罩在神秘之中——我们却不知道。 了解哪些分子气味特征对嗅觉系统重要，哪些不重要，有关信息如何 这些特征被重新组合以在大脑内创建整体气味表征，或者这些特征如何 因此，我们缺乏对核心的实证理解。 嗅觉处理的每个阶段都会发生转变，最终导致感知和 此外，我们缺乏一个清晰的理论框架来理解刺激空间是如何实现的。 离散和高维产生了连续和低维的感知空间。 嗅觉系统是“浅层的”——这意味着在两个突触内关于完整气味物体的信息是 抽象和概括——理解这个特定的电路也将提供对 对行为至关重要的与结构相关的别皮质大脑（例如小脑、海马体），并进入 皮质中心在整合不同信息源（例如前额皮质、后皮质）方面发挥着关键作用 顶叶皮层）。在这里，我们建议通过收集第一个全系统范围的数据来揭示嗅觉的计算逻辑。 对大量有原则的气味剂的神经和感知反应的数据集，并通过应用统一的 该项目将召集具有专业知识的研究小组来对其进行解释。 跨越神经生物学，并将利用分子遗传学、神经成像、 电生理学、光遗传学和化学遗传学、人类心理物理学和机器学习来询问所有 嗅觉系统的水平（从外周受体到皮层到知觉和行为输出）。 这些实验将共同建立一个参考数据集，揭示由 嗅觉系统，测试嗅觉的关键统一理论，并创建一个社区范围的资源 这项工作也将对我们产生广泛的影响。 了解感官信息如何在大脑中组织以促进适应性行动。