Studies of Populations Exposed to Occupational Sources of Radiation

暴露于职业辐射源人群的研究

• 批准号: 10918972
• 负责人: Cari Kitahara
• 金额: $ 247.58万
• 依托单位: DIVISION OF CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10918972
• 关键词: Accidents; Age; Aircraft; Alcohols; Basal cell carcinoma; Binding Sites; Biological Markers; Body of uterus; Brain; Breast; Breast Cancer Risk Factor; Bronchi; Case/Control Studies; Categories; Central Nervous System; Certification; Cessation of life; Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; Chromosome abnormality; Chronic; Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; Circadian Rhythms; Cohort Studies; Colon; Contracts; Cosmic Radiation; Data; Development; Diagnostic Procedure; Diet; Discipline of Nuclear Medicine; Disease; Disease Outcome; Dose; Dose Rate; Employment; Endocrinology; Excess Mortality; Exposure to; External Beam Radiation Therapy; Faculty; Feedback; Female; Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization; Flying body movement; Focus Groups; Frequencies; General Population; Hematological Disease; Incidence; Individual; Interview; Ionizing radiation; Joints; Length; Literature; Lung; Malignant Bone Neoplasm; Malignant Neoplasms; Malignant neoplasm of esophagus; Malignant neoplasm of liver; Malignant neoplasm of lung; Malignant neoplasm of pharynx; Malignant neoplasm of thyroid; Maternal Exposure; Medical; Medicine; Methods; National Cancer Institute; Nervous System; New York; Nuclear; Occupational; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Groups; Occupations; Organ; Paper; Patients; Pattern; Pleura; Plutonium; Population; Population Study; Procedures; Publishing; Radiation; Radiation Dose Unit; Radiation exposure; Radiation-Induced Cancer; Radiology Specialty; Recording of previous events; Rectum; Reporting; Research; Risk; Role; Scientist; Seasons; Site; Skin; Skin Carcinoma; Solid; Source; Suicide; Survivors; Testing; Time; Trachea; Travel; Ukraine; United States; Universities; Update; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Woman; Work; atomic bomb; biodosimetry; cancer risk; case control; cohort; comparison group; design; dosimetry; experience; follow-up; improved; in utero; leukemia; malignant breast neoplasm; malignant mouth neoplasm; melanoma; mortality; mortality risk; pilot test; radiation carcinogenesis; radiation effect; reconstruction; rectal; response; telomere; trend; work-study

Markers of Cosmic Radiation Exposure Among Flight Crew A biodosimetry study study was conducted to determine if there were differences in the frequency of chromosome aberrations by assess cosmic radiation exposure and frequency of chromosome aberrations by fluorescence in situ hybridization among 83 pilots (given their increased levels of cosmic radiation exposure) and 51 university faculty with minimal flying experience. The mean frequency of translocations did not differ between the airline pilots and a comparison group of university faculty, however there was a significant increasing trend among the pilots for number of years flying commercial aircraft and translocation frequency. In addition, radiation exposure from personal diagnostic procedures among the pilots was positively associated with translocation frequencies after adjustment for age and number of years flying. Some diet and vitamin supplements were also associated with translocation frequency. Cancer and Other Mortality Risks in a Cohort of U.S. Radiologic Technologists In 1982, the REB, initiated a nationwide cohort study of all cancer incidence and mortality among 146,022 U. S. radiologic technologists who were certified during 1926-1980. The cohort with 73% females. From work history data (collected 1983-89, 1994-98, 2003-2005, and beginning in 2012) along with tracing and matching with death information, we found significantly elevated incidence risks for breast cancer, leukemias other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia, basal cell carcinoma of the skin, melanoma and circulatory diseases among technologists first working before 1950, and a suggested increase in thyroid cancer in those first working before 1960. The , and very high response rates and development of the first comprehensive historical occupational dose reconstruction offers a rare opportunity to study effects of occupational protracted low- to moderate-dose radiation exposure on breast and thyroid cancer, the two most sensitive organ sites for radiation carcinogenesis in women. All other cancer and non-cancer serious disease outcomes are also being evaluated in relation to protracted low-to-moderate dose exposures. Cancer Mortality in Russian Nuclear Workers A cohort of 26,000 Mayak nuclear facility workers is being studied because they comprise a unique occupational group for protracted exposure to external radiation at high doses and for exposure to plutonium. Improved dosimetry and updated mortality data confirm earlier findings of external dose-response relationships for leukemia and for all solid cancers. Mortality analyses have clearly demonstrated that risks for lung cancer, liver cancer and bone cancer increase with increasing dose from plutonium. Dose-response analyses of cancer mortality in relation to in utero radiation exposure from maternal employment at the Mayak facility provide no evidence of an effect. Chernobyl Leukemia Study This is a joint US-Ukrainian case-control study of leukemia and other hematological diseases in a cohort of clean-up workers in Ukraine following the Chornobyl accident, carried out from 1986 to 2006 - one of the largest analytical studies performed in Chornobyl liquidators, taking into account the whole period of observation since the accident, cohort size (approximately 110,000) and collective dose. A total of137 cases of leukemia have been ascertained in the cohort. With a case-control ratio of 1:5, this number of cases provides adequate power to test the hypothesis of an association between radiation and leukemia risk. The study should also have adequate power to test the hypothesis that the risk is different from that seen in the atomic bomb survivors study if the previously pattern of CLL increases observed in the Chornobyl liquidators from Ukraine is confirmed. The study is conducted by scientists of the Ukrainian Research Center for Radiation Medicine (RCRM), scientists from the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) and scientists and consultants from Columbia University, New York (through a contract with NCI). The field work for the study has been completed. A paper has been published, reporting a significant increase risk of both chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other types of leukemia. Dosimetry for Nuclear Medicine Patients Despite the growing use of nuclear medicine procedures in the United States, very little is known regarding patterns of exposure in medical radiation workers. 20% of radiologic technologists in the U.S. radiologic technologist (USRT) study have reported working as nuclear medicine technologists at some time in their job history. In November 2010, REB held a focus-group discussion in which 8 to 10 experts provided input on historical practices. Based on these findings, as well as the literature, we have developed a detailed interview work module for radiologic technologists working with nuclear medicine procedures. We plan to refine this module based on feedback from additional feedback from focus group attendees and other experts, and to perform extensive pilot testing of the new nuclear medicine module. Studies of UV and cancer at various sites in the USRT cohort This project is designed to facilitate study of the role of UV/ vitamin D in relation to several cancers. We recently completed an analysis in a USRT subpopulation of the UV and other determinants of circulating 25(OH)D, which is in press in AJE. An additional analysis of how well 25(OH)D tracks in individuals across seasons will soon be submitted to J Clin Endocrinology. Other analysis planned involve the relationship between 25(OH)D and telomere length. We also plan to examine the relationship between specific UV wavelengths and various skin and other cancers. Leukemia and Other Cancer Incidence in Baltic Clean-up Workers Workers received an average radiation dose of approximately 10 cGy. No clear evidence of increased risk was seen for leukemia, thyroid cancer or radiation-related cancer sites combined relative to incidence in the general population. An elevated risk was found for cancers of the pharynx, esophagus, central nervous system and a broad category of alcohol-related sites. Excess mortality was observed for cancer of the mouth and pharynx, alcohol-related sites taken together,and suicide. Twenty-five years of follow-up suggest that non-radiation determinants of cancer incidence and mortality predominate over direct effects of radiation in this cohort. Incidence of Cancers in Female Flight Attendants Flight attendants may be at increased risk of breast and other cancers due to work-place exposures including cosmic radiation and circadian rhythm disruption from traveling across multiple time zones. We are investigating the risk of breast and other cancers in 9,631 female flight attendants and whether the risk is cosmic radiation dose-related.

飞行机组人员中宇宙辐射暴露的标志物进行了一项生物剂量测定研究，通过评估 83 名飞行员的宇宙辐射暴露和荧光原位杂交的染色体畸变频率来确定染色体畸变频率是否存在差异（考虑到他们的染色体畸变频率有所增加）宇宙辐射暴露）和 51 名飞行经验极少的大学教员。航空公司飞行员和大学教师对照组之间的平均易位频率没有差异，但飞行员驾驶商用飞机的年数和易位频率有显着增加的趋势。此外，在调整年龄和飞行年数后，飞行员个人诊断程序的辐射暴露与易位频率呈正相关。一些饮食和维生素补充剂也与易位频率有关。 美国放射技术人员队列中的癌症和其他死亡风险 1982 年，REB 发起了一项全国性队列研究，研究了 1926 年至 1980 年间获得认证的 146,022 名美国放射技术人员的所有癌症发病率和死亡率。该队列中有 73% 是女性。 通过工作经历数据（1983-89年、1994-98年、2003-2005年以及2012年开始收集）以及死亡信息追踪和匹配，我们发现乳腺癌、慢性淋巴细胞白血病以外的白血病、基础性白血病的发病风险显着升高。 1950 年之前首次工作的技术人员中，皮肤细胞癌、黑色素瘤和循环系统疾病的发病率有所增加，并且建议增加1960 年之前首次工作的人的甲状腺癌。第一个全面的历史职业剂量重建的非常高的反应率和发展为研究职业长期低至中等剂量辐射暴露对乳腺癌和甲状腺癌的影响提供了难得的机会，女性辐射致癌的两个最敏感的器官部位。所有其他癌症和非癌症严重疾病结果也正在根据长期低至中等剂量暴露进行评估。 俄罗斯核工人的癌症死亡率正在对 26,000 名 Mayak 核设施工人进行研究，因为他们是一个独特的职业群体，长期暴露于高剂量的外部辐射和钚暴露。改进的剂量测定和更新的死亡率数据证实了白血病和所有实体癌外部剂量反应关系的早期发现。死亡率分析清楚地表明，肺癌、肝癌和骨癌的风险随着钚剂量的增加而增加。对癌症死亡率与 Mayak 设施孕产妇受雇子宫内辐射暴露的关系进行的剂量反应分析没有提供任何影响的证据。 切尔诺贝利白血病研究 这是美国和乌克兰联合进行的一项病例对照研究，针对切尔诺贝利事故后乌克兰一组清理工人的白血病和其他血液疾病进行，研究时间为 1986 年至 2006 年，是 1986 年至 2006 年进行的最大的分析研究之一。切尔诺贝利清理人员考虑了事故发生以来的整个观察期、队列规模（约 110,000 人）和集体剂量。该队列中总共确定了 137 例白血病病例。病例对照比为 1:5，这一病例数为检验辐射与白血病风险之间关联的假设提供了足够的依据。如果先前在乌克兰切尔诺贝利清理者中观察到的 CLL 增加模式得到证实，该研究还应该有足够的能力来检验以下假设：风险与原子弹幸存者研究中所见的风险不同。该研究由乌克兰放射医学研究中心 (RCRM) 的科学家、美国国家癌症研究所 (NCI) 的科学家以及纽约哥伦比亚大学的科学家和顾问（通过与 NCI 签订合同）进行。该研究的实地工作已经完成。一篇论文已发表，报告慢性淋巴细胞白血病和其他类型白血病的风险显着增加。 核医学患者的剂量测定 尽管美国越来越多地使用核医学程序，但人们对医疗辐射工作人员的暴露模式知之甚少。在美国放射技术专家 (USRT) 研究中，20% 的放射技术专家表示在其工作经历中曾担任过核医学技术专家。 2010 年 11 月，REB 举行了一次焦点小组讨论，8 至 10 名专家就历史实践提供了意见。根据这些发现以及文献，我们为从事核医学程序的放射技术人员开发了详细的访谈工作模块。我们计划根据焦点小组与会者和其他专家的额外反馈来完善该模块，并对新的核医学模块进行广泛的试点测试。 USRT 队列中不同地点的紫外线和癌症研究 该项目旨在促进研究紫外线/维生素 D 在多种癌症中的作用。 我们最近完成了对 USRT 亚群的 UV 和循环 25(OH)D 其他决定因素的分析，该分析已在 AJE 上发表。关于跨季节个体 25(OH)D 跟踪情况的额外分析很快将提交给 J Clin Endocrinology。计划的其他分析涉及 25(OH)D 和端粒长度之间的关系。我们还计划研究特定的紫外线波长与各种皮肤癌和其他癌症之间的关系。 波罗的海清洁工人的白血病和其他癌症发病率 工人接受的平均辐射剂量约为 10 cGy。 没有明确的证据表明白血病、甲状腺癌或放射相关癌症部位的综合风险相对于普通人群的发病率有所增加。 研究发现，咽癌、食道癌、中枢神经系统癌和一系列与酒精相关的部位患癌症的风险较高。口腔癌、咽癌、酒精相关部位以及自杀的死亡率过高。 二十五年的随访表明，在该队列中，癌症发病率和死亡率的非辐射决定因素比辐射的直接影响占主导地位。女性空乘人员的癌症发病率由于工作场所暴露（包括宇宙辐射和跨越多个时区旅行而扰乱昼夜节律），空乘人员患乳腺癌和其他癌症的风险可能会增加。 我们正在调查 9,631 名女性空乘人员患乳腺癌和其他癌症的风险，以及该风险是否与宇宙辐射剂量相关。

项目成果

Risk of Thyroid Cancer after Adult Radiation Exposure: Time to Re-Assess?

• DOI: 10.1667/rr3121.1
• 发表时间: 2013-02-01
• 期刊: RADIATION RESEARCH
• 影响因子: 3.4
• 作者: Mabuchi, Kiyohiko;Hatch, Maureen;Simon, Steven L.
• 通讯作者: Simon, Steven L.

Physical activity and breast cancer risk among pre- and postmenopausal women in the U.S. Radiologic Technologists cohort.

• DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9246-2
• 发表时间: 2009-04
• 期刊: CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL
• 影响因子: 2.3
• 作者: Howard, Regan A.;Leitzmann, Michael F.;Linet, Martha S.;Freedman, D. Michal
• 通讯作者: Freedman, D. Michal

Occupational radiation and haematopoietic malignancy mortality in the retrospective cohort study of US radiologic technologists, 1983-2012.

• DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-106346
• 发表时间: 2020-12
• 期刊: Occupational and environmental medicine
• 影响因子: 4.9
• 作者: Linet MS;Little MP;Kitahara CM;Cahoon EK;Doody MM;Simon SL;Alexander BH;Preston DL
• 通讯作者: Preston DL

Solid cancer incidence among Chinese medical diagnostic x-ray workers, 1950-1995: Estimation of radiation-related risks.

1950-1995年中国医学诊断X射线工作者的实体癌症发病率：辐射相关风险的估计

• DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30036
• 发表时间: 2016-06-15
• 期刊: International journal of cancer
• 影响因子: 6.4
• 作者: Sun Z;Inskip PD;Wang J;Kwon D;Zhao Y;Zhang L;Wang Q;Fan S
• 通讯作者: Fan S

Ambient temperature and risk of first primary basal cell carcinoma: A nationwide United States cohort study.

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.025
• 发表时间: 2015-07
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY
• 影响因子: 5.4
• 作者: Freedman, D. Michal;Kitahara, Can M.;Linet, Martha S.;Alexander, Bruce H.;Neta, Gila;Little, Mark P.;Cahoon, Elizabeth K.
• 通讯作者: Cahoon, Elizabeth K.