Research Project 2: Human thresholds for characterizing flavors and impact on behavior

研究项目 2：人类表征风味的阈值及其对行为的影响

• 批准号: 10248507
• 负责人: RICHARD J O'CONNOR
• 金额: $ 40.76万
• 依托单位: ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE CORP
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-09-14 至 2023-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10248507
• 关键词: Address; Affect; Age; Area; Behavior; Behavioral Research; Biological; Characteristics; Chemicals; Cigarette; Classification; Cognitive; Detection; Dose; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Electronic cigarette; Expectancy; Flavoring; Human; Individual; Industry; Ingredients and Chemicals; Inhalation; Laboratories; Lead; Literature; Masks; Measures; Methods; Names; Pathway interactions; Perception; Play; Publishing; Research; Research Project Grants; Risk Assessment; Role; Science; Sensory; Shapes; Smell Perception; Smoking; Smoking Behavior; Taste Perception; Tobacco use; Toxic effect; Toxicology; Training; Trigeminal System; Work; authority; data streams; electronic liquid; evidence base; experience; irritation; risk perception; tobacco control; tobacco flavor; tobacco products; tool; vaping; willingness

Flavors play an important role in shaping consumer perceptions of tobacco products. Flavors are extremely common among electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users and are often named as a primary reason for their use. A concern about flavorings in e-liquids is that they could serve to mask negative sensory experiences, but to properly evaluate this hypothesis, objective, reliable, and valid measures of both the sensory effects and the perception of flavor are needed. The experience of flavor among users is a combination of olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal effects. Flavors may also influence expectancies (that is, cognitive representations of likely effects) around tobacco products and expectancies of positive sensory effects of smoking (e.g., look, feel, and taste) are predictive of smoking behavior and willingness to try. However, this integration is difficult to measure and/or quantify. The premise of this study is that flavors might be related to the phenomenon of `indirect' toxicity. That is, regardless of whether flavorings show evidence of toxicity in a biological sense, they may nonetheless increase harm by other means, such as increasing appeal, decreasing risk perceptions, or masking harshness or irritation that might lead users to discontinue use. We seek to 1) Develop expert (trained per industry best practices) and consumer (untrained) sensory panels to identify and assess characterizing flavors in e-liquids; and 2) Examine the effects of flavorings on use topography, subjective effects of vaping, and sensory experience among current ENDS users. FDA has a number of tools at its disposal with regard to flavors, ranging from product standards to extending the ban on characterizing flavors in cigarettes to other products. The decision whether to ban certain flavorants and where to set such maximal levels must be evidence-based and can be informed by both toxicological and behavioral research, such as proposed herein.

口味在塑造消费者对烟草产品的看法方面发挥着重要作用。味道都极其 在电子尼古丁输送系统 (ENDS) 用户中很常见，并且通常被认为是主要原因 供他们使用。对电子液体中调味剂的担忧是它们可能会掩盖负面感官 经验，但要正确评估这一假设，客观、可靠、有效的措施 需要感官效果和风味感知。用户对风味的体验是 嗅觉、味觉和三叉神经效应的结合。口味也可能影响期望（也就是说， 围绕烟草产品的可能影响的认知表征和积极感官的期望 吸烟的影响（例如外观、感觉和味道）可以预测吸烟行为和尝试意愿。 然而，这种整合很难测量和/或量化。这项研究的前提是味道可能 与“间接”毒性现象有关。也就是说，无论调味品是否显示出 从生物学意义上讲，它们具有毒性，但它们可能会通过其他方式增加危害，例如增加吸引力， 降低风险认知，或掩盖可能导致用户停止使用的刺激或刺激。我们 力求 1) 培养专家（根据行业最佳实践接受过培训）和消费者（未经培训）的感官 识别和评估电子液体特征风味的小组； 2) 检查效果 调味品对使用地形、电子烟的主观影响以及当前人群的感官体验的影响 ENDS 用户。 FDA 拥有许多与口味相关的工具，包括产品标准 将对卷烟风味特征的禁令扩大到其他产品。是否禁止的决定 某些调味剂以及在何处设定最高水平必须以证据为基础，并且可以由双方告知 毒理学和行为研究，例如本文提出的。