High-Level Influences on Low-Level Learning

高层次对低层次学习的影响

• 批准号: 7619440
• 负责人: MICHAEL J WENGER
• 金额: $ 21.97万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-05-15 至 2011-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7619440
• 关键词: Address; Ally; Amblyopia; Architecture; Area; Behavior Therapy; Behavioral; Characteristics; Code; Cognitive; Collection; Complex; Computer Simulation; Data; Detection; Development; Diagnostic radiologic examination; Discrimination; Electroencephalography; Goals; Human; Judgment; Knowledge; Laboratories; Learning; Link; Literature; Measures; Mental Processes; Methodology; Modeling; Motor; Names; Nature; Neurons; Pattern; Perceptual learning; Performance; Plastics; Police; Process; Research Personnel; Security; Semantics; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sensory; Series; Stimulus; Strategic Code; System; Testing; Theoretical model; Time; Training; Vision; Visual; Visual impairment; Visual system structure; Work; base; design; feeding; interest; neurophysiology; radiologist; research study; selective attention; skills; tumor

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Human abilities are remarkably responsive to the effects of practice. Studies of the effects of practice, in both laboratory and natural settings, have documented the extent to which humans can obtain exceptionally high levels of performance in tasks ranging from motor to cognitive. Within the past two decades, a rapidly-expanding literature on perceptual learning has documented the range of tasks in which practice on basic perceptual judgments can produce dramatic improvements in performance. These studies suggest that even elementary aspects of human information processing can be substantially modified and, by extension, that early sensory levels may be highly plastic. The specific focus of this proposal is on visual tasks that involve stimulus characteristics manipulated at levels at or near observers' detection thresholds. While specific tasks may require categorization, identification, or discrimination judgments, the need to accurately distinguish between the presence and absence of a characteristic is a fundamental aspect of the perceptual abilities that are of interest; an example would be the extent to which a skilled radiologist is able to both detect and identify a tumor in an X-ray image. The available evidence on these types of skills suggests three hypotheses: (a) The acquisition and expression of perceptual expertise relies on multiple levels of encoded information, (b) All of these codes are available simultaneously, (c) The time-course of learning involves an incremental strengthening of codes at increasingly lower levels of the visual system. Tests of these hypotheses will involve the collection of both behavioral and neurophysiological (EEG) data, and the development of a computational modeling approach capable of linking these two types of data. Relevance: The explicit concern with perceptual abilities that require both detection and identification holds the potential for translational application in domains in which observers must acquire the ability to reliably distinguish between the presence and absence of some visual attribute, and to reliably categorize or name an object based on that attribute when the information available to observers may be extremely limited. Examples include behavioral interventions for visual impairments (e.g., amblyopia), the training of police sharp-shooters, or the training of security screeners.

描述（由申请人提供）：人类能力对实践的影响非常有反应。在实验室和自然环境中，对实践的影响的研究已经证明了人类在多大程度上可以在运动中获得从运动到认知范围的任务中极高的表现。在过去的二十年中，关于感知学习的快速扩展文献已经记录了一系列任务，在基本的感知判断中可以产生巨大的绩效提高。这些研究表明，即使是人类信息处理的基本方面也可以进行实质性的修改，并且扩大了早期的感觉水平可能是高度塑性的。该建议的具体重点是视觉任务，涉及在观察者检测阈值或接近级别下操纵的刺激特征。尽管特定的任务可能需要分类，识别或歧视判断，但需要准确区分特征和不存在特征的需求是感知能力的基本方面；一个例子是熟练的放射科医生能够在X射线图像中检测和识别肿瘤的程度。有关这些类型技能的可用证据提出了三个假设：（a）感知专业知识的获取和表达依赖于多个编码信息，（b）所有这些代码都可以同时获得，（c）学习的时间课程涉及在越来越较低的视觉系统较低级别的代码增强代码的逐步增强。这些假设的测试将涉及行为和神经生理学（EEG）数据的收集，以及能够连接这两种类型数据的计算建模方法的开发。相关性：需要检测和识别的感知能力的明确关注，具有在域中进行翻译应用的潜力，在该领域中，观察者必须获得可靠地区分某些视觉属性的存在和不存在某些视觉属性的能力，并可靠地分类或基于该属性的对象对对象进行可靠的分类或命名，而该属性可用于对象，而在观察者中可以使用该属性。例子包括视觉障碍的行为干预措施（例如，弱视），警察敏锐的射击者的培训或对安全筛查人员的培训。