Enhancing control of HIV by inhibiting TRAILshort

通过抑制 TRAILshort 加强对 HIV 的控制

• 批准号: 8698830
• 负责人: ANDREW D BADLEY
• 金额: $ 53.96万
• 依托单位: MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-07-02 至 2015-06-01
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8698830
• 关键词: Address; Adjuvant Therapy; Affect; Aftercare; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiviral Agents; Apoptosis; Berlin; Binding; Biological Assay; Biology; Bone Marrow Transplantation; CCR5 gene; CD4 Positive T Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8B1 gene; CXCR4 gene; Cause of Death; Cell Death; Cells; Cessation of life; Coculture Techniques; Cytotoxic Chemotherapy; Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes; Data; Disease; Effector Cell; Fostering; Genetic; Goals; HIV; HIV Infections; Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; Human; Immune; Immune response; Immune system; Immunologic Surveillance; Infection; Interferons; Interleukin-6; Intervention; Knock-out; Knowledge; Life; Life Cycle Stages; Ligands; Malignant Neoplasms; Measures; Mediating; Modeling; Myeloablative Chemotherapy; Names; Natural Killer Cells; Outcome; Pathogenesis; Patients; Persons; Production; Proteins; RNA Splicing; Regulation; Research; Research Proposals; Residual state; Resistance; Role; Signal Transduction; Stimulus; T-Lymphocyte; T-Lymphocyte and Natural Killer Cell; TNF gene; Testing; Tissues; Transplantation; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Variant; Viral; Viral Load result; Virus; Virus Diseases; Vorinostat; Work; Zinc Fingers; apoptosis inducing factor; arm; cancer cell; cell killing; cytotoxic; design; disease phenotype; gene therapy; humanized monoclonal antibodies; in vivo; interest; killings; macrophage; man; monocyte; novel; novel strategies; nuclease; prevent; purge; receptor; research study; response

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The Berlin patient who has been effectively cured from HIV provides proof of concept for the feasibility of curing HIV infection from the human host. It is likely that at least four factors have contributed to HIV being cured in the Berlin patient: (i) prolonged and durable control of HIV infection prior to bone marrow transplant, (ii) cytotoxic chemotherapy killing the viral reservoir, (iii) being transplanted with CCR5 delta 32 cells which are resistant to infection, and (iv) a broadly effective immune response which was able to eradicate any residual infection. This case has spurred much scientific debate and speculation as to how to make cure of HIV a more generalizable and an achievable outcome. Given the potency of current antiretroviral agents, current efforts are focusing on developing novel ways of killing or purging the viral reservoir (eg SAHA), developing new approaches to generate cells which resist infection (eg Zinc finger nucleases for CCR5) and enhancing the immune control of HIV. TNF related apoptosis inducing factor (TRAIL) is a molecule whose principal function is as an effector of immune surveillance, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both malignancies, as well as viral infections including HIV. Concerning the role of TRAIL in HIV, considerable evidence supports a role for TRAIL dysregulation occurring during HIV infection in vivo, and there is ample evidence that treatment of cells from HIV-infected patients on HAART with exogenous TRAIL, reduces the number of latently infected cells, as measured by undetectable levels of replication competent virus in quantitative co-culture assays. Since TRAIL is expressed by effector cells (i.e., CD8 and/or NK cells) of the immune system, we questioned why TRAIL-dependent natural immune mechanisms do not independently reduce the number of latently infected cells. We found that cells from HIV-infected patients produce a novel splice variant of TRAIL which we call TRAILshort, which antagonizes normal TRAIL signaling. We therefore propose a model whereby the production of TRAILshort by HIV-infected cells prevents these cells from being killed by either CTL or NK cells, and this allows a subset of infected cells to persist. The current research proposal concerns gaining understanding the biology of and developing ways to inhibit this TRAIL splice variant, which we have named TRAILshort (TRAILs). Since we have generated preliminary data which demonstrates that TRAILs blocks HIV induced killing of CD4 T cells, as well as killing induced by CTL and NK cells, we now propose to inhibit TRAILs as a means of increasing the rate at which HIV infected CD4 Tcells die, and thereby contributing to the goal of eradicating HIV infected cells, and a cure for HIV infection. In this regard, we have additional preliminary data indicating that inhibiting TRAILs achieves the goal of increasing killing of HIV infected T-cells, and enhancing both CTL and NK cell killing of target cells.

描述（由申请人提供）：已有效治愈艾滋病毒的柏林患者为治愈人类宿主艾滋病毒感染的可行性提供了概念证明。柏林患者的艾滋病毒治愈可能至少有四个因素：(i) 在骨髓移植前长期且持久地控制艾滋病毒感染，(ii) 细胞毒性化疗杀死病毒库，(iii) 进行移植具有抗感染的 CCR5 delta 32 细胞，以及 (iv) 广泛有效的免疫反应，能够根除任何残留感染。这个案例引发了许多关于如何使艾滋病毒治愈成为更普遍和可实现的结果的科学辩论和猜测。鉴于当前抗逆转录病毒药物的效力，当前的努力重点是开发杀死或清除病毒库的新方法（例如SAHA），开发新方法来产生抵抗感染的细胞（例如CCR5的锌指核酸酶）以及增强免疫控制艾滋病毒。 TNF 相关凋亡诱导因子 (TRAIL) 是一种分子，其主要功能是作为免疫监视的效应器，它与两种恶性肿瘤以及包括 HIV 在内的病毒感染的发病机制有关。关于 TRAIL 在 HIV 中的作用，大量证据支持体内 HIV 感染期间发生的 TRAIL 失调的作用，并且有充分的证据表明，用外源 TRAIL 治疗接受 HAART 的 HIV 感染患者的细胞，可减少潜伏感染细胞的数量，通过定量共培养测定中无法检测到的复制能力病毒水平来测量。由于 TRAIL 由免疫系统的效应细胞（即 CD8 和/或 NK 细胞）表达，我们质疑为什么 TRAIL 依赖性自然免疫机制不能独立减少潜伏感染细胞的数量。我们发现来自 HIV 感染者的细胞产生一种新的 TRAIL 剪接变体，我们称之为 TRAILshort，它会拮抗正常的 TRAIL 信号传导。因此，我们提出了一种模型，通过 HIV 感染细胞产生 TRAILshort 可以防止这些细胞被 CTL 或 NK 细胞杀死，从而允许一部分受感染细胞持续存在。当前的研究计划涉及了解 TRAIL 剪接变体的生物学特性并开发抑制该变体的方法，我们将其命名为 TRAILshort (TRAILs)。由于我们已经生成了初步数据，表明 TRAIL 可以阻止 HIV 诱导的 CD4 T 细胞杀伤，以及 CTL 和 NK 细胞诱导的杀伤，因此我们现在建议抑制 TRAIL 作为增加 HIV 感染的 CD4 T 细胞死亡速度的一种手段。 ，从而有助于实现根除 HIV 感染细胞和治愈 HIV 感染的目标。在这方面，我们有额外的初步数据表明，抑制 TRAIL 可以达到增加对 HIV 感染的 T 细胞的杀伤，并增强 CTL 和 NK 细胞对靶细胞杀伤的目标。