Dual Processes in HIV Risk Behavior in Drug Abusers

吸毒者艾滋病毒危险行为的双重过程

• 批准号: 8013896
• 负责人: Alan W Stacy
• 金额: $ 60.16万
• 依托单位: CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-09-10 至 2013-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8013896
• 关键词: AIDS prevention; AIDS/HIV problem; Accounting; Acute; Address; Adult; Affect; Alcohols; Alzheimer' s Disease; Amnesia; Area; Basic Science; Behavior; Buffers; Characteristics; Chronic; Clinical; Conscious; Cross-Sectional Studies; Decision Theory; Development; Discipline; Disease; Drug abuse; Drug usage; Drug user; Evaluation; Evolution; Fostering; Future; Growth; HIV; Individual; Injecting drug user; Intervention; Lead; Learning; Link; Measurement; Measures; Mediation; Memory; Methamphetamine; Methods; Modeling; Neurophysiology - biologic function; Neurosciences; Operating System; Personality; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Population; Prevention; Prevention program; Process; Property; Prospective Studies; Research; Research Support; Risk; Risk Behaviors; Short-Term Memory; System; Theoretical model; Time; addiction; behavior change; cognitive neuroscience; drug abuser; drug of abuse; executive function; field study; hazard; infancy; memory process; neuropsychological; novel strategies; offender; operation; prospective; public health relevance; sex; social cognition; theories; transmission process

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Dual-process theories and methods emerging from basic research on decision, memory, social cognition, and neuroscience have much potential for scientifically resolving fundamental questions about HIV risk behavior and its link to drug use. Indeed, new approaches are necessary, because behaviors known to cause increased risk of HIV/AIDS are perplexing-- they persist in some individuals or populations despite devastating, widely known consequences. Many approaches have attempted to explain risk behavior through theories of rational or deliberate processes, for example, in which people weigh the pros and cons and make a decision, or through dispositional characteristics of personality, in which some people are simply predisposed. Although previous approaches have been valuable, they may miss some fundamental processes governing risk behavior. Particularly, they seldom answer why people engage in these behaviors even when the hazards are understood. A different approach applies the growing evidence across disciplines for at least two independent but potentially interacting systems or processes that govern risky decisions: an autonomous, implicit or automatic system and a more reflective or deliberate system. The research proposed in this application investigates each class of system in multiple ways, evaluating alternative theoretical models of dual-processes. As an example, the more automatic system may affect risk behavior because the content of associations in memory processed in this system lead to spontaneously activated biases in decisions in favor of pre-existing, strong associations, not in favor of more difficult to activate, learned facts about HIV risk. Another model in this framework suggests a "buffer interaction" process, in which adequate functioning of reflective systems may dampen the otherwise "free reign" of spontaneous associations on risky behavior. This project investigates these hypotheses and several alternatives in a population at known risk for the transmission of HIV: adult non- injection drug users. The project conducts refinements of assessments and initial evaluations of alternative models in [an efficient cross-sectional study] and comprehensive evaluation of alternative hypotheses in a [four]-wave [intensive] prospective study. An evaluation of these alternatives may be critical for improvements in interventions in this population, because the findings address fundamental processes that are seldom acknowledged in intervention efforts. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Risk behaviors that foster the transmission of HIV/AIDS are extremely common in adult non-injection drug users. Because little is known about the reasons for a link between illegal drug use and the behaviors that transmit HIV/AIDS in this population, this project studies some of the most likely causes of this linkage using validated methods from basic research. Understanding why drug users continue to engage in behaviors that transmit disease is critically important for future HIV prevention programs, which are quite feasible because of recent mandates for diversion interventions in drug offenders.

描述（由申请人提供）：决策、记忆、社会认知和神经科学基础研究中出现的双过程理论和方法对于科学地解决有关艾滋病毒危险行为及其与吸毒之间联系的基本问题具有很大潜力。事实上，新的方法是必要的，因为已知的导致艾滋病毒/艾滋病风险增加的行为令人困惑——尽管造成了众所周知的破坏性后果，但这些行为在某些个人或人群中持续存在。许多方法试图通过理性或深思熟虑过程的理论来解释风险行为，例如，人们权衡利弊并做出决定，或者通过人格的性格特征来解释风险行为，其中一些人只是倾向于。尽管以前的方法很有价值，但它们可能会错过一些管理风险行为的基本流程。特别是，即使人们了解这些行为的危害，他们也很少回答为什么人们会做出这些行为。另一种不同的方法是将越来越多的跨学科证据应用于至少两个独立但可能相互作用的系统或流程来管理风险决策：一个自主的、隐性的或自动的系统和一个更具反思性或深思熟虑的系统。本申请中提出的研究以多种方式研究每一类系统，评估双过程的替代理论模型。例如，更加自动化的系统可能会影响风险行为，因为在该系统中处理的记忆中的关联内容会导致自发激活的决策偏差，有利于预先存在的强关联，而不是有利于更难激活的、习得的关联。有关艾滋病毒风险的事实。该框架中的另一个模型提出了“缓冲相互作用”过程，其中反射系统的充分运作可能会抑制风险行为自发联想的“自由支配”。该项目在已知的艾滋病毒传播风险人群（成年非注射吸毒者）中调查了这些假设和几种替代方案。该项目在[有效的横断面研究]中对替代模型进行评估和初步评估，并在[四]波[密集]前瞻性研究中对替代假设进行综合评估。对这些替代方案的评估可能对于改善该人群的干预措施至关重要，因为研究结果涉及干预工作中很少被承认的基本过程。 公共卫生相关性：促进艾滋病毒/艾滋病传播的危险行为在成年非注射吸毒者中极为常见。由于人们对非法吸毒与在该人群中传播艾滋病毒/艾滋病的行为之间存在联系的原因知之甚少，因此该项目利用基础研究中经过验证的方法来研究这种联系的一些最可能的原因。了解吸毒者为何继续从事传播疾病的行为对于未来的艾滋病毒预防计划至关重要，由于最近要求对吸毒者进行转移干预，该计划是相当可行的。