Developing and deploying new sensors for in-situ monitoring of clouds

开发和部署用于云现场监测的新传感器

• 批准号: 2736850
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2736850
• 关键词: Developing; deploying; new; sensors; situ

Clouds interact with solar and terrestrial radiation, which contributes to competing heating and cooling effects on the climate system. Clouds generate precipitation, and so impact on the spatial distribution of water on the Earths surface. Clouds also facilitate complex chemical reactions and remove pollutants from the air. Datasets are required to capture the microphysical properties of clouds, namely the number, size and shape of the constituent particles, in order to correctly assess the impact and potential sensitivities of clouds on the Earth System. New networks are being established to monitor clouds. Whilst there are numerous options for instrumentation for measuring aerosol particles and much larger drizzle/precipitation particles, there is lack of suitable instrumentation for surface-based monitoring of liquid droplets which constitute the majority of clouds near the Earth's surface. PhD Project Methodology Cloud particles have been measured using a variety of techniques over the past 50 years, including bulk sampling of populations, and detailed single particle measurements. However, these existing instruments have generally been developed for operation from research aircraft travelling at high speed, with aspiration provided by the motion of the aircraft through the air. This makes many of these systems unsuitable for ground-based monitoring. Some ground-based fog monitoring systems have been developed, but there are issues over data quality and sampling artefacts resulting from aspiration. This project will develop and test new prototype sensors for surface-based cloud monitoring. Rapid prototyping will be conducted using 3-d printing and off-the-shelf optoelectronic components (diode lasers, laser drivers, optics, mounts) and Arduino-type microprocessors. The new sensors will be tested in the laboratory using certified glass calibration micro-spheres, Drop-on-Demand particle generators, and polydisperse particle suspensions using a nebuliser system. The sensors will be operated from the Holme Moss atmospheric observatory to monitor ambient clouds. Numerical simulations using Mie scattering code will be conducted to understand the response of the new sensors.PhD Project Description & Objectives This project will focus on the design, construction, and evaluation of new prototype sensors suitable for long term monitoring of the droplet size distribution in ambient clouds (diameter ~2-50). Objective 1: Financial and operational assessment of potential sensors. Assess various sensor configurations including bulk vs single particle, illumination wavelength(s), geometry, measurement principle e.g. scattering/diffraction, aspiration.Objective 2: Design and Construction of prototype sensor(s). Design and construct the optical, electrical, mechanical and data system for the prototype sensor. This includes construction of a numerical model to describe the theoretical operation of the sensor.Objective 3: Characterisation of prototype sensor(s). Use a variety of systems such as calibration microspheres, nano-litre Drop-on-Demand systems, intercomparison Mie scattering OPCs such as the DMT Cloud Droplet Probe available from the University of Manchester. Objective 4: Deployment of prototype sensor(s). Install and operate the prototype sensor(s) from the Holme Moss Hilltop Atmospheric Observatory, operated by the University of Manchester, to obtain data from ambient clouds in real-world conditions. Additional deployments may also be possible.Objective 5: Evaluation of sensor performance. Data analysis to establish if the real-world performance of the sensor fulfils design criteria. Are the measurement principles sound? Do data appear consistent with broader knowledge of cloud microphysical properties? Are ambient data consistent with calibrations and other datasets? Identify future improvements to the design.

云与太阳能和地面辐射相互作用，这有助于对气候系统的竞争加热和冷却影响。云会产生沉淀，因此对地球表面水的空间分布的影响。云还促进了复杂的化学反应并从空气中去除污染物。为了正确评估云对地球系统的影响和潜在敏感性，需要数据集来捕获云的微物理特性，即组成粒子的数量，大小和形状。正在建立新的网络以监视云。尽管有许多用于测量气溶胶颗粒和大得多的毛毛雨/降水颗粒的仪器选择，但缺乏适合的仪器来基于表面的液滴监测，这些液滴构成了地球表面附近的大多数云。在过去的50年中，已经使用多种技术测量了PhD项目方法论云颗粒，包括人群的大量采样和详细的单粒子测量。但是，这些现有的仪器通常是通过高速行驶的研究飞机开发的，并通过飞机通过空中的运动提供了愿望。这使得许多系统不适合地面监控。已经开发了一些基于地面的雾监测系统，但是由于吸引力而导致的数据质量和抽样伪像存在问题。该项目将开发并测试新的原型传感器，以进行基于表面的云监测。快速原型制作将使用3-D打印和现成的光电组件（二极管激光器，激光驱动器，光学器件，坐骑）和Arduino-Type微处理器进行。新的传感器将使用经过认证的玻璃校准微角色，点播粒子发生器和多分散粒子悬浮液在实验室中进行测试。传感器将从Holme Moss大气天文台操作以监视环境云。将使用MIE散射代码进行数值模拟，以了解新传感器的响应。PHD项目描述和目标该项目将集中于设计，构造和评估新原型传感器的设计，构造和评估，适合于长期监视环境云中的液滴尺寸分布（直径〜2-50）。目标1：潜在传感器的财务和运营评估。评估各种传感器配置，包括散装与单个粒子，照明波长，几何，测量原理，例如散射/衍射，抽吸。目标2：原型传感器的设计和构建。为原型传感器设计和构建光学，电气，机械和数据系统。这包括构造一个数值模型来描述传感器的理论操作。目标3：原型传感器的表征。使用各种系统，例如校准微球，纳米级滴入点系统，比较MIE散射OPC，例如曼彻斯特大学提供的DMT云滴探针。目标4：原型传感器的部署。由曼彻斯特大学运营的Holme Moss Hilltop大气天文台安装和操作原型传感器，以在现实世界中从环境云中获取数据。其他部署也可能是可能的。目标5：传感器性能的评估。数据分析以确定传感器的现实性能是否符合设计标准。测量原理听起来吗？数据似乎与对云微物理特性的广泛了解一致吗？环境数据与校准和其他数据集一致吗？确定设计的未来改进。