Developing and deploying new sensors for in-situ monitoring of clouds

开发和部署用于云现场监测的新传感器

• 批准号: 2736850
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2736850
• 关键词: Developing; deploying; new; sensors; situ

Clouds interact with solar and terrestrial radiation, which contributes to competing heating and cooling effects on the climate system. Clouds generate precipitation, and so impact on the spatial distribution of water on the Earths surface. Clouds also facilitate complex chemical reactions and remove pollutants from the air. Datasets are required to capture the microphysical properties of clouds, namely the number, size and shape of the constituent particles, in order to correctly assess the impact and potential sensitivities of clouds on the Earth System. New networks are being established to monitor clouds. Whilst there are numerous options for instrumentation for measuring aerosol particles and much larger drizzle/precipitation particles, there is lack of suitable instrumentation for surface-based monitoring of liquid droplets which constitute the majority of clouds near the Earth's surface. PhD Project Methodology Cloud particles have been measured using a variety of techniques over the past 50 years, including bulk sampling of populations, and detailed single particle measurements. However, these existing instruments have generally been developed for operation from research aircraft travelling at high speed, with aspiration provided by the motion of the aircraft through the air. This makes many of these systems unsuitable for ground-based monitoring. Some ground-based fog monitoring systems have been developed, but there are issues over data quality and sampling artefacts resulting from aspiration. This project will develop and test new prototype sensors for surface-based cloud monitoring. Rapid prototyping will be conducted using 3-d printing and off-the-shelf optoelectronic components (diode lasers, laser drivers, optics, mounts) and Arduino-type microprocessors. The new sensors will be tested in the laboratory using certified glass calibration micro-spheres, Drop-on-Demand particle generators, and polydisperse particle suspensions using a nebuliser system. The sensors will be operated from the Holme Moss atmospheric observatory to monitor ambient clouds. Numerical simulations using Mie scattering code will be conducted to understand the response of the new sensors.PhD Project Description & Objectives This project will focus on the design, construction, and evaluation of new prototype sensors suitable for long term monitoring of the droplet size distribution in ambient clouds (diameter ~2-50). Objective 1: Financial and operational assessment of potential sensors. Assess various sensor configurations including bulk vs single particle, illumination wavelength(s), geometry, measurement principle e.g. scattering/diffraction, aspiration.Objective 2: Design and Construction of prototype sensor(s). Design and construct the optical, electrical, mechanical and data system for the prototype sensor. This includes construction of a numerical model to describe the theoretical operation of the sensor.Objective 3: Characterisation of prototype sensor(s). Use a variety of systems such as calibration microspheres, nano-litre Drop-on-Demand systems, intercomparison Mie scattering OPCs such as the DMT Cloud Droplet Probe available from the University of Manchester. Objective 4: Deployment of prototype sensor(s). Install and operate the prototype sensor(s) from the Holme Moss Hilltop Atmospheric Observatory, operated by the University of Manchester, to obtain data from ambient clouds in real-world conditions. Additional deployments may also be possible.Objective 5: Evaluation of sensor performance. Data analysis to establish if the real-world performance of the sensor fulfils design criteria. Are the measurement principles sound? Do data appear consistent with broader knowledge of cloud microphysical properties? Are ambient data consistent with calibrations and other datasets? Identify future improvements to the design.

云与太阳和地面辐射相互作用，这有助于对气候系统产生竞争性的加热和冷却效应。云产生降水，从而影响地球表面水的空间分布。云还促进复杂的化学反应并去除空气中的污染物。需要数据集来捕获云的微观物理特性，即组成颗粒的数量、大小和形状，以便正确评估云对地球系统的影响和潜在敏感性。正在建立新的网络来监控云。虽然用于测量气溶胶颗粒和更大的毛毛雨/降水颗粒的仪器有多种选择，但缺乏合适的仪器来对构成地球表面附近大部分云的液滴进行基于表面的监测。博士项目方法论 在过去的 50 年里，人们使用各种技术来测量云粒子，包括群体的批量采样和详细的单粒子测量。然而，这些现有仪器通常是为高速飞行的研究飞机而开发的，通过飞机在空气中的运动提供吸气。这使得许多系统不适合地面监控。一些地面雾监测系统已经开发出来，但存在数据质量和吸入造成的采样伪影问题。该项目将开发和测试用于地面云监控的新原型传感器。快速原型制作将使用 3D 打印和现成的光电元件（二极管激光器、激光驱动器、光学器件、安装座）和 Arduino 型微处理器进行。新传感器将在实验室中使用经过认证的玻璃校准微球、按需滴落颗粒发生器和使用雾化器系统的多分散颗粒悬浮液进行测试。这些传感器将由霍姆·莫斯大气观测站操作，以监测周围的云层。将使用米氏散射代码进行数值模拟，以了解新传感器的响应。博士项目描述和目标该项目将重点关注适合长期监测液滴尺寸分布的新型原型传感器的设计、构造和评估。周围云（直径~2-50）。目标 1：潜在传感器的财务和运营评估。评估各种传感器配置，包括散装与单颗粒、照明波长、几何形状、测量原理，例如散射/衍射、吸气。目标 2：原型传感器的设计和构造。设计和构建原型传感器的光学、电气、机械和数据系统。这包括构建数值模型来描述传感器的理论操作。目标 3：原型传感器的表征。使用各种系统，例如校准微球、纳升按需滴落系统、相互比较米氏散射 OPC（例如曼彻斯特大学提供的 DMT 云滴探针）。目标 4：部署原型传感器。安装并操作曼彻斯特大学运营的 Holme Moss Hilltop 大气观测站的原型传感器，以从现实条件下的环境云中获取数据。额外的部署也是可能的。目标 5：传感器性能评估。数据分析以确定传感器的实际性能是否满足设计标准。测量原理是否合理？数据是否与云微物理特性的更广泛知识一致？环境数据与校准和其他数据集一致吗？确定设计的未来改进。