Disrupting the Hierarchies of Humanitarianism: Refugee Solidarity in France from 1970 to present.

破坏人道主义的等级制度：1970 年至今法国的难民团结。

• 批准号: 2588092
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2588092
• 关键词: Disrupting; Hierarchies; Humanitarianism; Refugee; Solidarity

In 2020 the ODI's annual conference 'A humanitarian reset: impacts of a historic year' debated the decentralisation of aid and the role of local actors within a new humanitarian framework. Yet while many scholars and practitioners advocate 'resilience' or 'self-reliance' as a solution to displacement, others have emphasised the importance of solidarity and mutual partnerships. Informed by these debates, I will examine the relationship between grassroots organisations and refugees in France since 1970 by focusing on refugee led initiatives that have been shaped by non-state - refugee collaboration. Histories of humanitarianism are predominately informed by their paternalistic nature and entrenched hierarchies between so-called donors and beneficiaries. I will investigate the historical precedents of collaborative relationships between refugees and grassroots organisations to ask: are more egalitarian and democratic forms of humanitarianism possible? How have such collaborations functioned historically and with what degree of success? Tracing these relationships from the 1970s and adopting a 'bottom-up' approach offers an intriguing insight into the recent flourishing of refugee-led initiatives. Yet do such partnerships risk being a mere act of tokenism? Or is meaningful participation between refugees and the aid sector not only possible but has, in fact, a track record that can be explored through historical work?This research proposes less to 'rethink' humanitarian hierarchies but rather to consult past alternatives and case studies. Engaging with the vast literature on refugee voice and agency, I begin from Liisa Malkki's call to resist rendering refugees into speechless emissaries, and, adopting a longue durée approach, I will examine the reception of Chilean and Vietnamese refugees at a local level in France during the 1970s. My study will encompass solidarity marches and committees in Grenoble, accommodation centres in Villeneuve run jointly by South American refugees and local actors, and present day collaborations between displaced communities and non-state organisations across France. From Jungala Radio produced by refugees in the Calais 'Jungle', to activists using social media as a platform for first-hand testimonies, I examine whether these present and past initiatives have developed as a result of the inaction and gaps in the responses of the French state and established humanitarian agencies, and how these collaborative projects have evolved, multiplied and responded to increasingly hostile asylum policies and the criminalisation of solidarity.I am confident that this study will help demonstrate what global organisations such as the UNHCR can learn from refugee-NGO partnerships through history, and how disrupting the hierarchical nature of humanitarian assistance may alter the future of aid relationships.

2020 年，ODI 年度会议“人道主义重置：历史性一年的影响”讨论了援助的权力下放以及当地行动者在新的人道主义框架内的作用，尽管许多学者和实践者主张“韧性”或“自力更生”。作为解决流离失所问题的办法，其他人强调了团结和相互伙伴关系的重要性。根据这些辩论，我将重点关注难民主导的倡议，研究 1970 年以来法国基层组织与难民之间的关系。人道主义的历史主要是由其家长式作风和所谓的捐助者与受益者之间根深蒂固的等级制度所决定的。我将调查难民与基层组织之间合作关系的历史先例，以提出以下问题：更平等和民主的人道主义形式是否可能？这种合作在历史上是如何运作的？追溯这些关系并采用“自下而上”的方法取得了多大的成功？然而，这种伙伴关系是否有可能只是一种象征性的行为？或者难民和援助部门之间的有意义的参与不仅是可能的，而且实际上有可以实现的记录。通过历史工作进行探索？这项研究提出的不是“重新思考”人道主义等级制度，而是参考过去的替代方案和案例研究。通过查阅有关难民声音和机构的大量文献，我从 Liisa Malkki 呼吁抵制将难民变成无言的使者开始。和，我将采用长期方法，研究 1970 年代法国地方一级对智利和越南难民的接待情况。我的研究将包括格勒诺布尔的团结游行和委员会、由南美难民和当地行动者共同运营的维伦纽夫住宿中心。以及当今法国各地流离失所社区和非国家组织之间的合作，从加莱“丛林”难民制作的 Jungala 电台，到利用社交媒体作为第一手资料平台的活动人士。证词中，我研究了这些当前和过去的举措是否是由于法国国家和已建立的人道主义机构的不作为和反应中的差距而发展起来的，以及这些合作项目是如何演变、增加和应对日益敌对的庇护政策和我相信，这项研究将有助于展示联合国难民署等全球组织可以从历史上难民与非政府组织的伙伴关系中学到什么，以及打破人道主义援助的等级性质可能如何改变援助关系的未来。