A Comparative Analysis of European Asylum Policy: Welfare Regimes, Refugees and Rights

欧洲庇护政策的比较分析：福利制度、难民与权利

• 批准号: 2221127
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Bristol
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2221127
• 关键词: Comparative; Analysis; European; Asylum; Policy

Migration and asylum issues have emerged as highly contentious areas of public debate across Western Europe, as exemplified by the rapid emergence of far-right and populist politics witnessed across electoral campaigns of several European Union (EU) member states. Amid the backdrop, key features of the of EU's lagging response to the 'Refugee Crisis', such as the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and Dublin Regulations, responsible for determining how and where asylum claimants are processed, has quickly disintegrated, revealing the unequal distribution of refugees across Europe, and the overstretched reception capabilities in counties such as Greece and Italy. Diverging procedures across member states in determining the legal status of asylum seekers is further problematic (Ostrand, 2015), as disparities between full 'refugee status' and 'subsidiary protection', increasingly used in countries such as Sweden, Spain and the Netherlands, have prompted unequal rights and protections for individuals seeking asylum. Such determinations have become increasingly important, with growing examples of regional disparity, effecting individuals' rights to uncapped residence, extended access to welfare programmes and provisions for family reunification. This heterogeneity brings to the forefront concerns ,that EU liberal democracies, ostensibly based on the mutual respect for human rights, have failed to deliver on the fundamental values of cooperation, solidarity and equality, which are enshrined in the constitution of the EU, and have led to the creation of a 'lottery system' (Human Rights Watch, 2015, p. 15) in which protection is reserved for the privilege of the few (Boccardie, 2002), and bestowed by virtue of luck.

移民和庇护问题已成为整个西欧公众辩论中备受争议的领域，几个欧盟成员国竞选活动中极右翼和民粹主义政治的迅速崛起就是例证。在此背景下，欧盟对“难民危机”反应滞后的关键特征，例如负责确定如何以及在何处处理庇护申请者的欧洲共同庇护制度（CEAS）和都柏林条例，已迅速瓦解，揭示了欧洲各地难民分布不均，希腊和意大利等国家的接收能力捉襟见肘。成员国在确定寻求庇护者法律地位方面的程序存在差异，这进一步成为问题（Ostrand，2015），因为瑞典、西班牙和荷兰等国家越来越多地使用完全“难民地位”和“辅助保护”之间的差异，促使寻求庇护的个人享有不平等的权利和保护。随着地区差异的例子越来越多，此类决定变得越来越重要，影响到个人无上限居住权、扩大享受福利计划的权利以及家庭团聚的规定。这种异质性引发了人们的担忧，即表面上以相互尊重人权为基础的欧盟自由民主国家未能实现欧盟宪法所载的合作、团结和平等的基本价值观，并且导致了“彩票制度”的创建（人权观察，2015，第 15 页），其中为少数人的特权保留了保护（Boccardie， 2002），并且凭借运气而获得。