Mexico: Maquila, Environmental Vulnerability and Health

墨西哥：加工出口、环境脆弱性与健康

基本信息

批准号：
6697229
负责人：
Sioban D Harlow
金额：
$ 10.7万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2003
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2003-07-01 至 2005-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant) The maquiladora export industries (MEI), concentrated along the United States-Mexican border, are an important example of an export-led development model. Employment in the MEl grew over 10-fold from 1980-2000. These industries are important actors in the social and economic transformation of the border region, spurring large-scale migration, rapid population growth and urban expansion. Despite the importance of the maquiladoran industries, economic development policy in Mexico, as elsewhere, has not explicitly incorporated environmental protection or health promotion strategies. The continuing failure of the border communities to build sufficient housing, to expand urban infrastructure and water and sewage systems, or to develop infrastructure for processing the industrial and toxic wastes generated by the MEI, has created urban slums whose residents are exposed to a range of environmental hazards. The accumulated deficit in urban and environmental infrastructure exacerbates local health inequalities and may well offset the health gains of economic growth. Over the past two decades, Mexican infant mortality declined substantially from 39.9/1000 live births in 1980 to 13.8/1000 in 2002. However, mortality declines in the northern border region have not kept pace despite their more favorable economic profile. Although in 1980 infant mortality in the border states was well below the national average, infant mortality in the border cities of Baja California, Chihuahua and Sonora now markedly exceed the national average (22.0-23.8 versus 13.8/1000 in 1995 -1997). The proposed pilot study will use spatial analysis and ethnographic approaches to examine potential links between exported-based industrialization, urbanization and infant health in Nogales and Hermosillo, Sonora, and assess whether emerging disparities in infant mortality are associated with deficits in urban and environmental infrastructure. By compiling information from city maps, the census, city archives and key informant interviews and focus groups, an index of socio-environmental vulnerability (SEV), calibrated to residents' perceptions will be developed. The spatial association between SEV and infant mortality at the census tract level will then be evaluated. The SEV index and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps overlaying SEV and mortality can serve as policy tools, facilitating the identification of mitigation strategies to address adverse environmental and health conditions in local communities. This study will pilot approaches to be implemented in a subsequent study of 8-10 cities in the northwest border region. This project will develop a multi-disciplinary team at El Colegio de Sonora, in collaboration with the Institute of Technology of Sonora.

描述（由申请人提供）集中在美国 - 墨西哥边境的Maquiladora出口行业（MEI）是出口领导的发展模型的重要例子。从1980 - 2000年开始，梅尔（Mel）就业增长了10倍以上。这些行业是边境地区社会和经济转型的重要参与者，促进了大规模移民，人口迅速增长和城市扩张。尽管Maquiladoran行业很重要，但墨西哥的经济发展政策与其他地方一样，并未明确纳入环境保护或健康促进策略。边境社区无法持续建造足够的住房，扩大城市基础设施，水和污水处理系统，或开发基础设施来处理MEI产生的工业和有毒废物，创造了城市贫民窟，其居民暴露于一系列居民环境危害。城市和环境基础设施的累积赤字加剧了当地的健康不平等，并且很可能会抵消经济增长的健康增长。在过去的二十年中，墨西哥婴儿的死亡率从1980年的39.9/1000例出生下降到2002年的13.8/1000。但是，尽管经济形象更加有利，北部边境地区的死亡率下降并未保持步伐。尽管在1980年，边境国家的婴儿死亡率远低于全国平均水平，但在加利福尼亚州巴哈（Baja California），奇瓦瓦（Chihuahua）和索诺拉（Sonora）边境城市的婴儿死亡率现在显着超过了全国平均水平（22.0-23.8对1995年 - 1997年的13.8/1000）。拟议的试点研究将使用空间分析和人种学方法来检查Nogales和Hermosillo，Sonora的基于出口的工业化，城市化和婴儿健康之间的潜在联系，并评估婴儿死亡率的新出现差异是否与城市和环境基础结构中的缺陷有关。通过从城市地图，人口普查，城市档案馆和主要线人访谈和焦点小组中汇编信息，将开发针对居民看法的社会环境脆弱性指数（SEV）。然后将评估人口普查水平的SEV与婴儿死亡率之间的空间关联。 SEV指数和地理信息系统（GIS）地图覆盖了SEV和死亡率可以用作政策工具，从而促进识别缓解策略，以解决当地社区不利的环境和健康状况。这项研究将在随后对西北边境地区的8-10个城市进行的研究中实施试验方法。该项目将与Sonora技术研究所合作，在El Colegio de Sonora建立一个多学科团队。