Genetics of Nicotine Addiction-Examining Ethics & Policy

尼古丁成瘾的遗传学-检查伦理

• 批准号: 6544784
• 负责人: Barbara A. Koenig
• 金额: $ 39.33万
• 依托单位: STANFORD UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-30 至 2005-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6544784
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; behavioral genetics; bias; clinical research; data collection methodology /evaluation; drug abuse therapy; drug addiction; ethics; genetic susceptibility; health care policy; health related legal; human subject; interview; nicotine; pharmacogenetics; public health; smoking; smoking cessation; tobacco abuse; tobacco abuse prevention

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Studies are underway to examine the genetic factors contributing to smoking initiation, nicotine dependence, and inability to quit. Other studies use DNA array technologies to map nicotine-induced alterations in the brain. By providing a better understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in nicotine addiction, this unfolding body of genetic research is expected to fuel developments in pharmacogenetics, to create new genetic tests, and ultimately, to provide the basis for innovative strategies for smoking cessation and preventive interventions. Translating the results of genetic research into public health or treatment programs will require the resolution of a host of complex ethical, legal, social, and policy issues. The "geneticization" of smoking may cast additional stigma on smokers, or shift responsibility for addiction away from the cigarette (and the tobacco industry) and onto individuals' genetic make-up. Crucial issues will accompany testing: Who should be considered at risk? Will racial groups be targeted? How will access to services be affected? Should we use psychotropic drugs to prevent smoking? The proposed research will combine empirical investigation with ethical and policy analysis, employing a range of methods: systematic review of the scientific literature and of tobacco industry documents, interviews with stakeholders, ethnographic research at scientific meetings, and a multi-disciplinary, national Advisory Board. The project's empirical aims are to: 1) assess the state of scientific knowledge about the genetic basis of smoking behaviors and susceptibility to nicotine addiction, 2) anticipate and characterize clinical and preventive health applications based on this knowledge, and 3) examine the emergence of a genetic understanding of smoking among key stakeholders in tobacco control. Informed by our empirical work, and in consultation with the project's Advisory Board, the ethical and policy aims are to: 4) delineate and evaluate the foreseeable impact of genetic explanations on existing smoking control policies, such as public health strategies and treatment programs, and, 5) identify and analyze key ethical, legal, and social consequences of a genetic understanding of smoking behaviors. The goal of the project is to provide policy makers with a clear understanding of the potential impacts and limitations of genetic research, ensure that genetics will integrate harmoniously in measures to reduce tobacco use, and contribute to the public policy debate about the genetics of addiction, by providing a comprehensive analysis of nicotine addiction - an illustration of the ethical complexities inherent in behavioral genetics research.

描述（由申请人提供）：正在进行研究以检查导致吸烟起源，尼古丁依赖性和无力退出的遗传因素。其他研究使用DNA阵列技术来绘制尼古丁诱导的大脑改变。通过更好地了解尼古丁成瘾所涉及的生物学机制，预计这一不断发展的遗传研究体有助于促进药物遗传学中的发展，创建新的遗传测试，并最终为戒烟和预防干预措施提供创新策略的基础。将遗传研究的结果转化为公共卫生或治疗计划，将需要解决许多复杂的道德，法律，社会和政策问题。吸烟的“遗传化”可能会对吸烟者产生更多的污名，或者将成瘾的责任转移到香烟（以及烟草业）上，再到个人的遗传构成。测试将伴随着至关重要的问题：谁应该考虑处于危险之中？种族群体会成为目标吗？访问服务将如何受到影响？我们应该使用精神药物来防止吸烟吗？拟议的研究将采用一系列方法将实证研究与道德和政策分析相结合：科学文献和烟草行业文件的系统审查，对利益相关者的访谈，科学会议上的民族志研究以及多学科的国家顾问委员会。该项目的经验目的是：1）评估有关吸烟行为的遗传基础和对尼古丁成瘾的易感性的科学知识的状态，2）基于此知识的临床和预防健康应用，以及基于此知识的临床和预防性健康应用，以及3）研究，3）检查烟草控制中主要利益者对吸烟的遗传理解的出现。在我们的实证工作中，并与项目的顾问委员会进行了协商，道德和政策的目的是：4）划定和评估遗传解释对现有吸烟控制政策的可预见影响，例如公共卫生策略和治疗计划，例如公共卫生策略和治疗计划，以及5）确定和分析和分析对吸烟行为的合法性，法律和社会后果。该项目的目的是为决策者提供对遗传研究的潜在影响和局限性的清晰了解，确保遗传学将和谐地整合在减少烟草使用的措施中，并通过提供有关成瘾遗传学的公共政策辩论，通过提供尼古丁成瘾的全面分析 - 对行为遗传学的伦理学复杂性进行了插图。