Reconsidering Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal Models using Genetic and Morphological Signatures of Domestic Animals

利用家畜的遗传和形态特征重新考虑南岛人的家园和扩散模型

• 批准号: NE/H005552/1
• 负责人: Keith Dobney
• 金额: $ 31.99万
• 依托单位: University of Aberdeen
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FH005552%2F1
• 关键词: Reconsidering; Austronesian; Homeland; Dispersal; Models

The invention and spread of farming around the world was one of the most important events in human history, and it continues to shape our existence today. Understanding this process is one of the keys to understanding human civilization, yet despite decades of study, fundamental questions regarding why, where and how it occurred, and what were its early consequences for humankind remain unanswered. The bones of early domestic animals and their wild ancestors are commonly found at archaeological sites and they hold important clues to many of these questions. New scientific techniques including the use of genetics and statistical analyses of the shapes of these ancient bones are beginning to provide unique insights into the biology of the domestication process itself, as well as new ways of tracking its spread as farmers moved into new areas. One of the most momentous journeys made by early farmers was firstly from mainland East Asia into Island Southeast Asia, and then into the Pacific. This movement is traditionally thought to have begun by a linguistically related group known as the Austronesians. Evidence from studies of languages, pottery, and human gut bacteria suggest that farmers in Taiwan began heading south, reaching the Philippines before continuing on towards the island of New Guinea. From there, a culturally distinct group known as Lapita headed east into the Pacific. These were the ancestors of the Polynesians who went onto colonize the most remote islands on Earth. When farmers migrate, they take with them not just their agricultural tools and their plants, but also their domestic animals as well. When we investigated the genetic signatures of archaeological pigs throughout Island Southeast Asia, we expected the evidence to show that the route pigs took to reach the Pacific mirrored that of the humans. After all, pigs could not have swum across the open ocean to reach the islands of West Polynesia. What we found, however, strongly suggested that the pigs associated with the Lapita expansion did not come from Taiwan, as the people seem to have, but originated instead in Vietnam, then travelling along the islands of Sumatra and Java before reaching New Guinea. The assumption at the heart of the Out-of-Taiwan model holds that all of the individual elements of the farming package first originated in Taiwan, and that each of the elements should tell the same story. The contradiction between the pig data and the human evidence implies that the story of the Pacific colonization was a great deal more complex than previously imagined. By adding to and extending our previous work on pigs to include dogs and chickens, we plan to unravel these complexities. We will start by examining archaeological remains from sites across the region from two different perspectives. By employing newly developed techniques to quantify shape changes (called geometric morphometrics), we will be able to identify diagnostic signatures that will enable us to pinpoint the origins of the ancestors of the examined sample. In addition, we will extract DNA from the archaeological material and compare the genetic sequences with a global database. The combination of these techniques will also us not only to acquire two different kinds of data from the same specimen, but also to compare the evidence from each and trace the signatures through time space. We will also collect and analyze modern pig, dog, and chicken samples from throughout the region to ascertain their genetic diversity. This element of the study will enable us to ask questions about the relationships between modern and ancient specimens, and the degree of hybridization between different waves of incoming domestic animals. Overall we aim to reconstruct a detailed map of the migration of early farmers into the Pacific, allowing us to obtain answers to a series of longstanding questions, and insights into the origins of agriculture, human migration, and civilization.

世界各地的耕种的发明和传播是人类历史上最重要的事件之一，它继续影响我们当今的存在。理解这一过程是理解人类文明的关键之一，但是尽管进行了数十年的研究，有关原因，何时何地和如何发生的基本问题以及对人类的早期后果是什么尚未得到答复的。早期家畜及其野生祖先的骨骼通常在考古遗址发现，它们为许多问题提供了重要的线索。新的科学技术，包括使用遗传学和这些古老骨骼形状的统计分析，开始为驯化过程本身的生物学提供独特的见解，以及随着农民进入新领域的发展，可以追踪其传播的新方法。早期农民进行的最重要的旅程之一首先是从东亚大陆进入东南亚岛，然后进入太平洋。传统上，这一运动是由一个被称为“南方人”的语言相关群体开始的。对语言，陶器和人类肠道细菌的研究的证据表明，台湾的农民开始向南行驶，到达菲律宾，然后继续前往新几内亚岛。从那里开始，一个被称为拉皮塔（Lapita）的文化鲜明群体向东驶入太平洋。这些是波利尼西亚人的祖先，他们殖民地殖民地殖民地岛上最偏远的岛屿。当农民迁移时，他们不仅将其农业工具和植物携带，还带走他们的家畜。当我们调查整个东南亚岛的考古猪的遗传特征时，我们希望证据表明，猪到达太平洋的路线反映了人类的路线。毕竟，猪无法在敞开的海洋上旋转到西波利尼西亚的岛屿。然而，我们发现与拉皮塔扩张相关的猪并非像人民一样来自台湾，而是起源于越南，然后沿着苏门答腊和爪哇岛旅行，然后到达新几内亚。台湾外模型的核心假设认为，农业包的所有个别要素首先起源于台湾，并且每个要素都应该讲出相同的故事。猪数据与人类证据之间的矛盾表明，太平洋殖民化的故事比以前想象的要复杂得多。通过添加并扩展了我们以前的猪的工作以包括狗和鸡，我们计划揭示这些复杂性。我们将从两个不同的角度从该地区的地点检查考古遗体开始。通过采用新开发的技术来量化形状变化（称为几何形态图），我们将能够识别诊断特征，使我们能够确定所检查样品祖先的起源。此外，我们将从考古材料中提取DNA，并将遗传序列与全局数据库进行比较。这些技术的组合还将我们不仅从同一标本中获取两种不同的数据，而且还将比较每种标本的证据并通过时空追踪签名。我们还将从整个地区收集和分析现代猪，狗和鸡样样品，以确定它们的遗传多样性。该研究的这一要素将使我们能够询问有关现代和古代标本之间关系的问题，以及不同传入的家畜之间的杂交程度。总体而言，我们旨在重建一份详细的图表，详细地迁移到早期农民进入太平洋，使我们能够获得一系列长期问题的答案，并洞悉农业，人类移民和文明的起源。

项目成果

Correction to 'Unravelling the complexity of domestication: a case study using morphometrics and ancient DNA analyses of archaeological pigs from Romania'.

更正“揭示驯化的复杂性：使用形态计量学和对罗马尼亚考古猪进行古代 DNA 分析的案例研究”。

• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0018
• 发表时间: 2015
• 期刊: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
• 作者: Evin A

A test for paedomorphism in domestic pig cranial morphology.

• DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0321
• 发表时间: 2017-08
• 期刊: Biology letters
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: Evin A;Owen J;Larson G;Debiais-Thibaud M;Cucchi T;Vidarsdottir US;Dobney K
• 通讯作者: Dobney K

The Balkans and the colonization of Europe: the post-glacial range expansion of the wild boar, Sus scrofa

• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02636.x
• 发表时间: 2012-04-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Alexandri, Panoraia;Triantafyllidis, Alexander;Triantaphyllidis, Costas
• 通讯作者: Triantaphyllidis, Costas

The long and winding road: identifying pig domestication through molar size and shape

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.005
• 发表时间: 2013-01-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Evin, Allowen;Cucchi, Thomas;Dobney, Keith
• 通讯作者: Dobney, Keith

Early Neolithic pig domestication at Jiahu, Henan Province, China: clues from molar shape analyses using geometric morphometric approaches

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.07.024
• 发表时间: 2011-01-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Cucchi, T.;Hulme-Beaman, A.;Dobney, K.
• 通讯作者: Dobney, K.