PIGS, PEOPLE & THE NEOLITHISATION OF EUROPE

猪、人

• 批准号: NE/F003382/2
• 负责人: Keith Dobney
• 金额: $ 47.36万
• 依托单位: University of Aberdeen
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2009 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FF003382%2F2
• 关键词: PIGS; PEOPLE; NEOLITHISATION; EUROPE

The invention and spread of farming around the world was perhaps one of the most important events in human history. Its consequences were drastic and far reaching, and it continues to shape our own existence today and in the future. Despite many years of study, archaeologists and biologists still have little idea of why, where or even how it occurred, and what were its early consequences for humankind. It is one of the principal keys to understanding human civilization and, at the same time, provides an ideal model to study evolutionary change. Despite decades of research in this field, fundamental questions about the biological and cultural processes involved in the origins and spread of early farming remain largely unresolved. The bones of early domestic animals and their wild ancestors are commonly dug up from archaeological sites and they hold important clues to many of the unanswered questions. New scientific techniques, which can explore ancient genetic signals from these ancient bones, are now beginning to provide unique insights into the biology of the domestication process itself, as well as new ways of tracking its spread as farmers moved into new areas. It is clear that agriculture was introduced to Europe by the earliest farmers moving from the Near East where it began. It spread from East to west over 6,500 years, with different Neolithic cultures moving through and occupying different regions. With the farmers moved their domestic animals and plants. However, Europe was not an empty landscape. It was already occupied by human groups, who for thousands of years had survived through hunting and gathering. Also present in Europe were some of the same wild animal species that people in the Near East had already domesticated (for example pigs and cattle). The nature of the interaction between the early farmers, indigenous hunters and the new environments they encountered is something we don't fully understand and is something we aim to explore in this major research project. We plan to ask several simple questions: Can we use these early introduced domesticated animals (in this case pigs which we have already studied in detail) to track the specific routes taken by early farmers through Europe? Can we see if wild boar in Europe were then domesticated? We will use two different methods to study ancient pig remains from Neolithic sites. Both methods focus on pig teeth, as teeth are not only the best preserved element in an archaeological context, but also the most reliable portion of the skeleton for determining wild or domestic status. We will firstly employ geometric morphometrics, a sophisticated shape analysis technique that assesses dental shapes and can tell us about the degree of domestication, as well as the relatedness of different individuals. Secondly, we will extract DNA from the teeth, which, when compared with DNA from modern specimens, can inform our understanding of evolutionary relationships and geographic origins of domestic pigs. By contrasting the data from both the tooth shape and genetic analyses, and by employing traditional archaeological methods we will not only answer questions related to origins and dispersal routes, but also glean insights into other aspects of human dispersal and pig domestication. For example, we will be able to answer whether independent pig domestication events from different wild ancestors are reflected in the shape of the pig's teeth. The data will allow us to assess the process by which pig domestication took place by firstly identifying which cultures domesticated pigs; and secondly by identifying the degree to which trade/movement of domestic pigs influenced possible subsequent domestications of other regional wild boar. Answering these questions will provide insights into the way humans acquired domesticated animals, the bedrock upon which modern civilization has been built.

世界各地农业的发明和传播也许是人类历史上最重要的事件之一。它的后果是剧烈的，并且遥不可及，它继续塑造我们当今和将来的生存。尽管经过多年的研究，考古学家和生物学家仍然对为什么发生，何处甚至是如何发生以及对人类的早期后果是什么不了解。它是理解人类文明的主要关键之一，同时为研究进化变化提供了理想的模型。尽管在这一领域进行了数十年的研究，但关于早期农业起源和传播的生物学和文化过程的基本问题仍然在很大程度上尚未解决。早期家畜及其野生祖先的骨头通常是从考古遗址挖出的，它们为许多未解决的问题提供了重要的线索。可以探索这些古老骨骼的古老遗传信号的新科学技术现在开始为驯化过程本身的生物学提供独特的见解，以及随着农民进入新领域的新方法，可以追踪其传播的新方法。显然，最早从近东开始的农民将农业引入了欧洲。它从东到西部传播了6,500年，新石器时代的文化经历了不同的地区，并占领了不同的地区。随着农民的转移，他们的家畜和植物。但是，欧洲不是一个空旷的风景。它已经被人类团体占领，他们已经通过狩猎和聚会得以幸存了数千年。欧洲也存在的是近东人们已经驯化的野生动物物种（例如猪和牛）。早期农民，土著猎人和他们遇到的新环境之间的相互作用的性质是我们不完全理解的，这是我们在这个主要研究项目中旨在探索的东西。我们计划提出几个简单的问题：我们可以使用这些早期引入的驯养动物（在这种情况下是详细研究的猪）来跟踪早期农民穿过欧洲的特定路线？我们能看看欧洲的野猪是否被驯化了吗？我们将使用两种不同的方法研究新石器时代的古老猪遗骸。两种方法都集中在猪牙上，因为牙齿不仅是考古环境中保存最好的元素，而且是确定野生或家庭状况的骨骼中最可靠的部分。我们将首先采用几何形态图，这是一种复杂的形状分析技术，可以评估牙齿形状，并可以告诉我们有关驯化程度以及不同个体的相关性。其次，我们将从牙齿中提取DNA，与现代标本的DNA相比，它可以告知我们对家养猪的进化关系和地理起源的理解。通过将来自牙齿形状和遗传分析的数据进行对比，并采用传统的考古学方法，我们不仅会回答与起源和分散途径有关的问题，而且还将收集到对人类分散和猪驯化的其他方面的见解。例如，我们将能够回答来自不同野生祖先的独立猪驯化事件，以猪的牙齿形状反映。这些数据将使我们能够通过首先识别哪些培养猪来评估发生猪驯化的过程；其次，通过确定家养猪的贸易/流动影响其他区域野猪的随后家庭。回答这些问题将为人类获取驯养的动物的方式提供见解，这是建立现代文明的基石。

项目成果

Correction to 'Unravelling the complexity of domestication: a case study using morphometrics and ancient DNA analyses of archaeological pigs from Romania'.

更正“揭示驯化的复杂性：使用形态计量学和对罗马尼亚考古猪进行古代 DNA 分析的案例研究”。

• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0018
• 发表时间: 2015
• 期刊: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
• 作者: Evin A

Wild, domestic and feral? Investigating the status of suids in the Romanian Gumelnita (5th mil. cal BC) with biogeochemistry and geometric morphometrics

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2016.02.002
• 发表时间: 2016-06-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Balasse, Marie;Evin, Allowen;Balasescu, Adrian
• 通讯作者: Balasescu, Adrian

Revealing the maternal demographic history of Panthera leo using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis.

• DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-70
• 发表时间: 2014-04-02
• 期刊: BMC evolutionary biology
• 影响因子: 3.4
• 作者: Barnett R;Yamaguchi N;Shapiro B;Ho SY;Barnes I;Sabin R;Werdelin L;Cuisin J;Larson G
• 通讯作者: Larson G

Unravelling the complexity of domestication: a case study using morphometrics and ancient DNA analyses of archaeological pigs from Romania.

• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0616
• 发表时间: 2015-01-19
• 期刊: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
• 作者: Evin A;Flink LG;Bălăşescu A;Popovici D;Andreescu R;Bailey D;Mirea P;Lazăr C;Boroneanţ A;Bonsall C;Vidarsdottir US;Brehard S;Tresset A;Cucchi T;Larson G;Dobney K
• 通讯作者: Dobney K

Genomic analysis reveals selection for Asian genes in European pigs following human-mediated introgression.

• DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5392
• 发表时间: 2014-07-15
• 期刊: NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Bosse, Mirte;Megens, Hendrik-Jan;Frantz, Laurent A. F.;Madsen, Ole;Larson, Greger;Paudel, Yogesh;Duijvesteijn, Naomi;Harlizius, Barbara;Hagemeijer, Yanick;Crooijmans, Richard P. M. A.;Groenen, Martien A. M.
• 通讯作者: Groenen, Martien A. M.