NEURAL MECHANISMS COGNITIVE MEMORY AND HABIT FORMATION

神经机制认知记忆和习惯形成

• 批准号: 3900954
• 负责人: M MISHKIN
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3900954
• 关键词: Macaca; amygdala; association learning; basal ganglia; brain mapping; cerebral cortex; electrophysiology; frontal lobe /cortex; habits; hippocampus; histochemistry /cytochemistry; limbic system; memory; memory disorders; molecular psychobiology; neural information processing; neuroanatomy; neurochemistry; neuropsychology; neurotransmitters; reinforcer; sensory discrimination; space perception; stimulus /response; substantia innominata; temporal lobe /cortex; thalamic nuclei; thalamocortical tract; visual perception

Every sensory modality in the macaque is served by a series of cortical stations, each of which processes the sensory signal in turn. Signals in the later stations, located in the anterior temporo-insular cortex, can activate a circuit that runs through the limbic system to the modulatory neurochemical systems (e.g. cholinergic, noradrenergic, etc.) and back to the sensory cortical stations. We have proposed that as a result of the action of this circuit on neurochemical release in sensory cortex, some of the neurons whose signals have just represented the sensory stimulus become linked together in a cell assembly that serves as the stored representation of the stimulus. Recognition, say of an object, occurs when an assembly formed on a first presentation of the object is reactivated by its re- presentation on a second occasion. Also, once formed, that assembly can be linked to assemblies representing other stimuli and other events, such as a food reward or a location, thereby investing the recognized object with meaning. The linkage involved in object-reward association appears to be mediated mainly by a limbo-neurochemical circuit running through the amygdala, the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, orbital frontal cortex, and the basal nucleus of Meynert. Similarly, the linkage involved in object- place association seems to be mediated mainly by a second, parallel limbo- neurochemical circuit running through the hippocampus, the anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate cortex, and the medial septal and diagonal band nuclei. Each of these subcortical circuits has reciprocal connections with one pair or the other of the cortical cell assemblies described above. Thus, if these circuits have been activated, the sight of the object on a second occasion can lead not only to its recognition but also to recall of both the food reward and the spatial location with which the object had been associated. Recognition and recall are two forms of cognitive memory, both of which can be distinguished from habit formation. The latter form of learning involves stimulus-response association specifically, and we have proposed that such learning depends largely on interactions between the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia.

猕猴中的每种感觉方式都由一系列皮质服务 电台，每个站都依次处理感觉信号。 信号在 后来的站点位于前颞叶界皮层中，可以 激活通过边缘系统运行到调节的电路 神经化学系统（例如胆碱能，去甲肾上腺素能等），然后回到 感觉皮质站。 我们提出，由于 该电路对感觉皮质中神经化学释放的作用，其中一些 信号刚刚表示感觉刺激的神经元变成 将用作存储表示形式的单元组件链接在一起 刺激。 识别，说一个物体，当一个组装时会发生 在对象的首次介绍上形成的对象的重新激活 第二次演讲。 另外，一旦形成，该组件就可以 链接到代表其他刺激和其他事件的组件，例如 食物奖励或位置，从而用 意义。 对象奖励关联中涉及的联系似乎是 主要是由贯穿的环境神经化学电路 杏仁核，内侧背丘脑核，轨道额叶皮质和 Meynert的基础核。 同样，对象涉及的链接 - 位置关联似乎主要是由第二个平行的困境介导的 神经化学电路穿过海马，前部 丘脑核，扣带皮层以及内侧间隔和对角线带 核。 这些下皮层电路中的每一个都有与 上述一对或另一对皮质细胞组件。 因此，如果这些电路被激活，则在一个上看到物体 第二次不仅可以引起其认可，而且可以回忆起 食物奖励和物体所使用的空间位置 有关联。 识别和回忆是认知记忆的两种形式， 两者都可以与习惯形成区分开。 后一种形式 学习的专门涉及刺激反应关联，我们 已经提出，这种学习在很大程度上取决于 大脑皮层和基底神经节。