Peasants and Agriculture under the Second World War Period

第二次世界大战时期的农民与农业

• 批准号: 11660219
• 负责人: NODA Kimio
• 金额: $ 1.79万
• 依托单位: KYOTO UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1999 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11660219/
• 关键词: Nouji-jikkokumiai; nouka-kokumiai; hamlet; The Second World War Period; New organization of Japanese Agriculture; 農業団体法; 農業会; 皇国農村確立運動; 食糧増産政策; 標準農村; 農業國; 皇國農村確立運動; 食料増産政策; 農業生産統制令

NOUKA-KOKUMIAI, a kind of peasants co-operatives established in Taisyo-era based on hamlets had a function to create a more progressive agricultural system. These had many valuable experiences to reorganize Japanese agricultural structure depending on peasant's and regional interests. But NOUJI-JIKKOUKUMIAI, which were formed by reorganizing NOUKA-KOKUMIAI in the Second World-war Period, had no such function. This was just a control-association without spontaneity. It's necessary to make clear the difference of these two peasants co-operatives in Pre-war Period. This is the first point of the research.Hamlets which were mainly villages in Japanese pre-modern era(Edo-era) maintained the character as community still in modern era. The government in the Second World-war make much of hamlet's power to control peasants and to mitigate conflicts due to the lack of manpower and materials. The administrators considered hamlets as self-sustainable unit. But at the last stage of the Second World … More -war, many hamlets became unable to be act as self-sustainable unit, so the Government were obliged to reconstruct them in larger area, village level or inter-village level and prefecture level or inter-prefecture level in some cases. In the Second World-war Period, we found hamlet's limitations as well as the ability to organize agriculture. This is the second point.For Japanese peasants, farmland is not only farmland where they cultivate but also a special property inherited from ancestors and a kind of symbol of their social status. So, farmland-property and peasants are combined very strongly. This is one of the biggest reason why it is very difficult to reorganize Japanese agriculture. But the Second World-war was "the total war" which needed to reconstruct all of the old systems to establish new systems which was indispensable for huge-production. As shown at 2), in this period, a lot of manpower and materials were separated once, and recombined in a new way. It's a valuable experience which offered many hints to reorganize Japanese agriculture, even if these were done under extraordinary situation as "total-war-structure ". This is the third point. Less

大正时代建立的以小村庄为基础的农民合作社，具有创造更加进步的农业体系的功能，它们在根据农民和地区利益重组日本农业结构方面拥有许多宝贵的经验。第二次世界大战期间重组NOUKA-KOKUMIAI而成立的JIKKOUKUMIAI则没有这样的功能。这只是一个控制协会，没有这种功能。有必要明确这两种农民合作社在战前的区别，这是研究的第一点。日本近代（江户时代）以村庄为主的小村庄保持了这种特征。作为仍处于现代时代的社区，政府在第二次世界大战中充分利用了村庄的权力来控制农民并缓解由于缺乏人力和物资而产生的冲突。在第二次世界大战的最后阶段，许多村庄无法作为自给自足的单位，因此政府不得不在更大的区域、村级或村际级、地级或间级重建它们。 ——在第二次世界大战时期，我们发现了小村庄的局限性以及组织农业的能力。这是第二点。对于日本农民来说，农田不仅是他们耕种的农田，而且是一种特殊的土地。继承的财产因此，农田和农民的结合非常紧密，这是日本农业重组非常困难的最大原因之一。 “全面战争”需要重建所有的旧制度，建立新的制度，这是大生产所必需的。如2）所示，这个时期，大量的人力物力被一次分离，又以新的方式重新组合。 。这是一次宝贵的经验，为日本农业的重组提供了很多启示，即使是在“全面战争结构”的特殊情况下进行的。这是第三点。