Slavery and Loyalty: the Russian and Ottoman Empires

奴隶制与忠诚：俄罗斯帝国和奥斯曼帝国

• 批准号: 355907952
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Christoph Witzenrath
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung für Islamwissenschaft und Nahostsprachen
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Priority Programmes
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/355907952?language=en
• 关键词: Slavery; Loyalty; Russian; Ottoman; Empires

What is the relation of slavery and liberation in the contest between the Ottoman and Muscovite Empires for the loyalties auf populations in the vicinity of the Black Sea? Slave raids and trade in the region between the Caucasus and Hungary from 1475 to 1700 corralled between two and three million people to markets mainly in the south. Muscovy fought this population drain by fortifying the steppe frontier, state sponsored ransom and expansionary ideologies of slave liberation; it employed Muslim subjects to achieve these ends. From early on, Muslim empires offered limited rights to slaves in order to develop loyal relations between masters, slaves and the state. In the Ottoman Empire, loyalty was often trained already by slaves, who benefited from free movement or contractual manumission. Between these poles there were many transitions: mediators, merchants, diplomatic emissaries, clerics, translators and Cossacks with far reaching connections, whose loyalties were decisive for redemption. Returning, manumitted or fleeing slaves themselves transited along these Transottoman crossovers, the contexts of which were especially important since most former slaves remained with their Ottoman masters. The project looks at these crossovers from the Muscovite point of view and profits from Ottoman contexts accessible in the Project Transottomanica. How did Muscovy make sure that returning captives and kidnapped persons were loyal, despite extended Muslim influences on them? How did Moscow try to inspire loyalty in Muslim Tatars who communicated extensively with their coreligionists on the other side of the steppe and in it? In terms of method, the project uses the tool box made available by recent studies of loyalty which are based on Max Webers and Georg Simmels sociologies. In this way, archival troves of investigations about redeemed slaves hitherto deemed unworthy of attention will be analysed. Moreover, earlier archival trips of the applicant unearthed extensive slave narratives speaking about the transitions and reasons for leaving the Ottoman Empire. Implicitly, they transport normally unspoken expectations to slave holders, whose slaves had no autonomous voice. Chronicles, saints vitae, murals as well as church rituals and plays formulated the ideology of Muscovy as New Israel and the tsar as the new Moses, who liberates Orthodox slaves as once Israel from Egyptian slavery. Genetically common motifs in Hesychasm and Sufi mysticism such as Wisdom or common saints and prophets helped to smooth transitions between empires. At the same time, central doctrines such as redemption marked the limits of acceptability, since salvation in the beyond was conditioned to redeeming slaves. To this end cooperation with S. Conermann has been agreed to study discursively the relations between the language of Ottoman mirrors of princes, manumissions and their critique in Muscovite sources. Eventually, Muscovite autocracy appears as an appendix of liberation ideology.

在奥斯曼帝国和莫斯科帝国争夺黑海附近人口的忠诚度的斗争中，奴隶制和解放之间的关系是什么？ 1475 年至 1700 年间，高加索和匈牙利之间地区的奴隶袭击和贸易将两三百万人聚集到主要在南部的市场。莫斯科公国通过加强草原边境、国家资助的赎金和奴隶解放的扩张意识形态来应对人口流失；它利用穆斯林臣民来实现这些目标。从很早开始，穆斯林帝国就向奴隶提供有限的权利，以发展主人、奴隶和国家之间的忠诚关系。在奥斯曼帝国，奴隶往往已经训练出忠诚度，他们受益于自由流动或契约解放。在这些极点之间有许多过渡：调停者、商人、外交使者、神职人员、翻译和有着深远关系的哥萨克人，他们的忠诚对于救赎至关重要。返回、释放或逃亡的奴隶本身沿着这些跨奥斯曼十字路口过境，其背景尤其重要，因为大多数前奴隶仍然留在他们的奥斯曼主人身边。该项目从莫斯科人的角度审视这些交叉，并从奥斯曼背景中获取收益，可在 Transottomanica 项目中获取。尽管穆斯林对他们的影响很大，莫斯科公国如何确保返回的俘虏和被绑架者是忠诚的？莫斯科如何努力激发穆斯林鞑靼人的忠诚度，因为他们与草原另一边和草原上的同宗教人士进行了广泛的交流？在方法方面，该项目使用了最近基于马克斯·韦伯斯和格奥尔格·西梅尔斯社会学的忠诚度研究提供的工具箱。通过这种方式，将对迄今为止被认为不值得关注的被赎回奴隶的调查档案进行分析。此外，申请人早期的档案之旅发现了大量关于奴隶的叙述，讲述了离开奥斯曼帝国的转变和原因。他们含蓄地向奴隶主传达了通常不言而喻的期望，而奴隶主的奴隶没有自主的声音。编年史、圣人简历、壁画以及教堂仪式和戏剧将莫斯科公国的意识形态表述为新以色列，将沙皇视为新摩西，将东正教奴隶从埃及的奴隶制中解放出来，就像曾经的以色列一样。休斯主义和苏菲神秘主义中遗传上共同的主题，例如智慧或共同的圣人和先知，有助于帝国之间的平稳过渡。与此同时，诸如救赎之类的中心教义标志着可接受的限度，因为来世的救赎是以救赎奴隶为条件的。为此，我们同意与 S. Conermann 合作，以话语方式研究奥斯曼诸侯镜子、解放及其在莫斯科来源中的批评之间的关系。最终，莫斯科独裁政权作为解放意识形态的附录出现。