RAPID: Too hot to hold: Effects of unseasonable warming on the Azores nekton community and its keystone taxon

快速：太热了：不合时宜的变暖对亚速尔群岛游生物群落及其关键分类群的影响

• 批准号: 2203204
• 负责人: Aran Mooney
• 金额: $ 19.61万
• 依托单位: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-11-15 至 2023-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2203204&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Too; hot; hold; Effects

Across the globe it has become increasingly clear that climate change is influencing animal movement patterns. The daily vertical migration of marine animals such as squid is often termed “the largest migration on Earth.” Understanding the impacts of climate change on diel vertical migration is essential for an understanding of how ocean ecosystems will fare with increasing temperatures. Central Atlantic waters are ca. 2-3 °C above normal; this unusual warming event provides a short and urgent window of opportunity to examine how global warming will affect this huge migration. The movements and energetics of squid and their larger community are being measured using traditional oceanographic methods and innovative, new high-resolution sensor and motion tags. The new data are providing novel insights into how warm temperatures are affecting movements, migrations, changes in biomass, and other energetic consequences of behavioral responses to environmental change. The project leverages an animal group (squid) that links top predators and smaller prey within a complex trophic web. As a group, squids are one of the world’s largest fisheries, they are of global food-resource importance, and they are prey for many commercially important fish species (tuna, swordfish), sea birds and marine mammals. Predicting climate-driven changes on these animals and their daily migratory patterns is critical for sustainable resource management. Educational broader impacts are focused on training opportunities for graduate and undergraduate students with emphasis on recruiting participants from underrepresented groups. The graduate students are gaining international experience in field work and scientific collaborations.Diel vertical migrations are a vital process of ocean energy exchange that are influenced by the physical environment, yet few experimental data address how warming affects these migrations. Central Atlantic waters are ca. 2-3° C above normal, extending stratified summer conditions and stressful warmer waters into a key time of year when organisms “expect” greater mixing and cooler oceans. These fleeting warm-water conditions present a unique opportunity to study how a vertically migrating nekton community and its key component (squid) are adjusting their movements to balance energetic demands and expenditures. Building from a suite of before-and-after data, this project is examining the response of the migratory community and the squid to unusually warm, physiologically stressful, ocean conditions during a critical life-stage. The prediction is that the community and squid are utilizing an energetically costly set of responses, leading to altered movement patterns and decreased densities of migratory organisms in surface waters at night. The timeframe of the project coincides with a period when squid invest in somatic and reproductive growth via substantial foraging and interactions within the larger nekton community. New data are being collected to (i) examine movement ecology and energetics by tagging Loligo forbesii squid near the Azores using novel motion tags and environmental sensors (ITAGs), (ii) quantify the nekton community and prey layer density and movements via scientific echosounders in locations overlapping with tagged animals, (iii) characterize environmental conditions using standard oceanographic casts, surface satellite data, and the eco-sensor data from animal-borne tags, and (iv) assess vertical movement and habitat use changes as seasonality progresses using longer-term, lower resolution, movement tags. The central hypothesis being tested is that the migratory community is responding to thermal stress by changing vertical migration patterns and feeding strategies. These responses have negative consequences on the squid’s energy balance and lead to higher foraging costs and decreased feeding success.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在全球范围内，越来越明显的是，气候变化正在影响动物的迁徙模式，例如鱿鱼等海洋动物的日常垂直迁徙通常被称为“地球上最大的迁徙”，了解气候变化对昼夜垂直迁徙的影响至关重要。了解海洋生态系统在气温比正常水平高出约 2-3°C 的情况下会如何发展；这一不寻常的变暖事件为研究全球变暖将如何影响这一大规模迁徙提供了一个短暂而紧迫的机会。乌贼及其较大体型的运动和能量正在使用传统的海洋学方法和创新的新型高分辨率传感器和运动标签来测量社区，新的数据为温暖的温度如何影响运动、迁移、生物量的变化以及对环境的行为反应的其他能量后果提供了新的见解。该项目利用了一个动物群体（鱿鱼），该群体在一个复杂的营养网络中将顶级捕食者和较小的猎物联系起来。作为一个群体，鱿鱼是世界上最大的渔业之一，它们具有全球食物资源的重要性，而且它们也是猎物。为了许多商业上重要的鱼类（金枪鱼、箭鱼）、海鸟和海洋哺乳动物。预测气候驱动的这些动物的变化及其日常迁徙模式对于可持续资源管理至关重要。重点是从代表性不足的群体中招募参与者，以获取实地工作和科学合作的国际经验。 昼夜垂直迁移是受物理环境影响的海洋能量交换的重要过程，但很少有实验数据说明变暖的影响。这些大西洋中部水域温度比正常水平高出约 2-3°C，将分层的夏季条件和紧张的温暖水域延长到一年中的关键时期，此时生物体“期待”更大的混合和更凉爽的海洋。该项目利用一系列前后数据来研究垂直迁徙的游生物群落及其关键组成部分（鱿鱼）如何调整其运动以平衡能量需求和支出。鱿鱼在关键的生命阶段对异常温暖、生理压力大的海洋条件进行预测，群落和鱿鱼正在利用一系列耗能巨大的反应，导致地表水中迁徙生物的运动模式改变和密度降低。该项目的时间范围与鱿鱼通过在更大的游动生物群落中进行大量觅食和相互作用进行体细胞和生殖生长的时期相吻合，正在收集新数据，以（i）通过标记来检查运动生态学和能量学。亚速尔群岛附近的 Loligo forbesii 鱿鱼使用新型运动标签和环境传感器 (ITAG)，(ii) 通过科学回声测深仪在与标记动物重叠的位置量化游生物群落和猎物层密度和运动，(iii) 使用标准海洋学模型描述环境条件、表面卫星数据和来自动物标签的生态传感器数据，以及（iv）使用长期、较低分辨率、运动来评估垂直运动和栖息地利用随季节变化的变化测试的中心假设是，迁徙群落通过改变垂直迁徙模式和摄食策略来应对热应激。这些反应会对鱿鱼的能量平衡产生负面影响，并导致更高的觅食成本和降低摄食成功率。该奖项反映了这一点。通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，NSF 的法定使命被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Swimming behaviors during diel vertical migration in veined squid Loligo forbesii

纹鱿鱼 Loligo forbesii 昼夜垂直洄游过程中的游泳行为

• DOI: 10.3354/meps14056
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Marine Ecology Progress Series
• 影响因子: 2.5
• 作者: Cones, SF;Zhang, D;Shorter, KA;Katija, K;Mann, DA;Jensen, FH;Fontes, J;Afonso, P;Mooney, TA
• 通讯作者: Mooney, TA