RAPID: Too hot to hold: Effects of unseasonable warming on the Azores nekton community and its keystone taxon

快速：太热了：不合时宜的变暖对亚速尔群岛游生物群落及其关键分类群的影响

• 批准号: 2203204
• 负责人: Aran Mooney
• 金额: $ 19.61万
• 依托单位: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-11-15 至 2023-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2203204&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Too; hot; hold; Effects; RAPID; Too; hot; hold; Effects

Across the globe it has become increasingly clear that climate change is influencing animal movement patterns. The daily vertical migration of marine animals such as squid is often termed “the largest migration on Earth.” Understanding the impacts of climate change on diel vertical migration is essential for an understanding of how ocean ecosystems will fare with increasing temperatures. Central Atlantic waters are ca. 2-3 °C above normal; this unusual warming event provides a short and urgent window of opportunity to examine how global warming will affect this huge migration. The movements and energetics of squid and their larger community are being measured using traditional oceanographic methods and innovative, new high-resolution sensor and motion tags. The new data are providing novel insights into how warm temperatures are affecting movements, migrations, changes in biomass, and other energetic consequences of behavioral responses to environmental change. The project leverages an animal group (squid) that links top predators and smaller prey within a complex trophic web. As a group, squids are one of the world’s largest fisheries, they are of global food-resource importance, and they are prey for many commercially important fish species (tuna, swordfish), sea birds and marine mammals. Predicting climate-driven changes on these animals and their daily migratory patterns is critical for sustainable resource management. Educational broader impacts are focused on training opportunities for graduate and undergraduate students with emphasis on recruiting participants from underrepresented groups. The graduate students are gaining international experience in field work and scientific collaborations.Diel vertical migrations are a vital process of ocean energy exchange that are influenced by the physical environment, yet few experimental data address how warming affects these migrations. Central Atlantic waters are ca. 2-3° C above normal, extending stratified summer conditions and stressful warmer waters into a key time of year when organisms “expect” greater mixing and cooler oceans. These fleeting warm-water conditions present a unique opportunity to study how a vertically migrating nekton community and its key component (squid) are adjusting their movements to balance energetic demands and expenditures. Building from a suite of before-and-after data, this project is examining the response of the migratory community and the squid to unusually warm, physiologically stressful, ocean conditions during a critical life-stage. The prediction is that the community and squid are utilizing an energetically costly set of responses, leading to altered movement patterns and decreased densities of migratory organisms in surface waters at night. The timeframe of the project coincides with a period when squid invest in somatic and reproductive growth via substantial foraging and interactions within the larger nekton community. New data are being collected to (i) examine movement ecology and energetics by tagging Loligo forbesii squid near the Azores using novel motion tags and environmental sensors (ITAGs), (ii) quantify the nekton community and prey layer density and movements via scientific echosounders in locations overlapping with tagged animals, (iii) characterize environmental conditions using standard oceanographic casts, surface satellite data, and the eco-sensor data from animal-borne tags, and (iv) assess vertical movement and habitat use changes as seasonality progresses using longer-term, lower resolution, movement tags. The central hypothesis being tested is that the migratory community is responding to thermal stress by changing vertical migration patterns and feeding strategies. These responses have negative consequences on the squid’s energy balance and lead to higher foraging costs and decreased feeding success.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在全球范围内，越来越清楚的是，气候变化正在影响动物运动模式。海洋动物（如鱿鱼）的每日垂直迁移通常被称为“地球上最大的迁移”。了解气候变化对垂直迁移的影响对于了解海洋生态系统如何随温度越来越高。中大西洋水域是大约。高于正常水平的2-3°C；这项不寻常的变暖事件为检查全球变暖将如何影响这一巨大的移民提供了一个简短而紧急的机会之窗。使用传统的海洋学方法以及创新的，新的高分辨率传感器和运动标签来衡量鱿鱼及其更大社区的动作和能量学。新数据为温度如何影响运动，迁移，生物量的变化以及行为对环境变化的行为反应的其他充满活力的后果提供新的见解。项目利用一个动物群（Squid），该动物群将顶级捕食者和较小的猎物联系起来，并在复杂的营养网络中。作为一个整体，鱿鱼是世界上最大的渔业之一，它们具有全球食品资源的重要性，它们是许多商业重要的鱼类（金枪鱼，剑鱼），海鸟和海洋哺乳动物的猎物。预测这些动物及其日常迁徙模式的气候驱动变化对于可持续资源管理至关重要。教育更广泛的影响着重于研究生和本科生的培训机会，重点是从代表性不足的群体中招募参与者。研究生正在获得现场工作和科学合作方面的国际经验。迪尔垂直迁移是海洋能源交换的重要过程，受到物理环境的影响，但很少有实验数据涉及变暖如何影响这些迁移。中大西洋水域是大约。高于正常水平的2-3°C，将夏季条件延长，并压力较高的水流到一年中的一个关键时间，当组织“期望”更大的混合和较凉的海洋时。这些短暂的温水状况为研究垂直迁移的Nekton社区及其关键组成部分（Squid）提供了一个独特的机会，正在调整其运动以平衡能源需求和支出。该项目从一组前后的数据中构建，正在研究移民社区的反应，并在关键的生命阶段期间对异常温暖，身体紧张的海洋状况进行鱿鱼。预测是，社区和鱿鱼正在利用基本昂贵的反应，从而导致运动模式发生了变化，并且在夜间地表水中迁移生物的密度增加。该项目的时间范围与一段时期相吻合，当时鱿鱼通过在较大的尼克顿社区内的大量觅食和互动来投资躯体和生殖增长。通过使用新颖的运动标签和环境传感器（ITAGS）（ITAGS），（ii）量化Nekton社区和捕食层密度和捕食者的运动，通过与科学互联地的捕食者进行量化，使用标记的数据，（iii III），（iiii III），通过（iii III）量化了Nekton的层密度和运动，将新的数据收集到（i）检查运动生态和能量，通过使用新颖的运动标签和环境传感器（ITAGS）进行标记在Azores附近进行标记。从动物传播的标签以及（iv）评估垂直运动和栖息地的使用变化随着季节性使用长期，较低分辨率，运动标签的变化。正在检验的中心假设是，迁徙界正在通过改变垂直迁移模式和喂养策略来应对热应力。这些反应对鱿鱼的能量平衡产生负面影响，并导致更高的觅食成本和增加的喂养成功。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并通过使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响来审查标准来诚实地通过评估来诚实地支持。