The Evolution of Placentas in the Fish Family Poeciliidae: an empirical study of macroevolution

鱼类胎盘的进化：宏观进化的实证研究

• 批准号: 1754669
• 负责人: David Reznick
• 金额: $ 97.6万
• 依托单位: University of California-Riverside
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-05-01 至 2024-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1754669&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Evolution; Placentas; Fish; Family; Poeciliidae

How and why do new species evolve? How and why do complex organs, like eyes, evolve? These phenomena happen on time scales much longer than our lives, making it difficult for us to understand how they happened. Species are defined by being distinct from and not breeding with each other. Not interbreeding could be a simple matter of when, where or who you choose to mate with. It could also be caused by a failure to produce offspring that can survive and reproduce. Species today are often kept separate from one another by multiple mechanisms, so we do not know how they evolved in the first place. Likewise, complex organs are like machines with many parts that must all be present and well integrated if the machine is to work, but how did this complexity arise? In each case, nature most often presents us with end products without any clues about how they came about; however, sometimes nature provides groups of species that retain enough clues to these processes for one to be able to study how they occur, as in the case of this research program. One impact of this work pertains to the complex organ that is studied. These investigators are studying the evolution of placentas and are doing so in a context in which they can compare species with placentas with close relatives who lack placentas or have less complex placentas. This diversity enables them to address the consequences of having a placenta, including how it affects fertility. The research will enhance the training of students at multiple levels (high school, college, and post-graduate) as well as provide outreach to the public.The proposed research combines work done at two levels of resolution. First, the investigators will work on all species in the fish family Poeciliidae, enabling them to define the timing and order of evolutionary changes. Second, they will perform experiments on individual species within the family to characterize the mechanisms that cause evolution. They will sequence whole genomes then use the DNA sequences to reconstruct the family tree. They will characterize the biology of every species on the tree, including how females provision their young and how males and females choose who to mate with. These fish all bear live young, but some fully provision eggs before they are fertilized while others continue to provision eggs after fertilization. The latter group has the functional equivalent of a mammalian placenta, but species vary in how well the placenta is developed and how much they provision young during development. Species also differ in how they choose mates, with some having males with elaborate ornamentation and courtship displays and others with no sex differences in coloration and no courtship. The integration of biology with the family tree is what will enable the investigators to infer when and in what order female provisioning and aspects of mate choice evolved. It is also possible to test whether the evolution of certain traits is associated with an acceleration or deceleration of how fast new species are formed. It will then be possible to test predictions derived from evolutionary theory for how the evolution of these traits are inter-related with one another. The family tree also enables the investigators to identify closely related species that differ in the presence or absence of placentas. These species pairs become the subjects of experiments in which they will perform more detailed studies of the biology of reproductive isolation, including assessments of multiple mating and the rate of evolution of reproductive isolation. The integration of work done at both levels will enable the investigators to detail how mating systems and mode of reproduction affect the evolution of reproductive isolation, how these different facets of speciation have interacted to shape the evolution of species in the family and how they affect the rate of speciation.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

新物种如何以及为什么进化？ 像眼睛一样复杂的器官如何发展？ 这些现象发生在时间尺度上比我们的生活更长，这使我们很难理解它们的发生方式。 物种的定义是通过与彼此不同而不繁殖的定义。 杂交可能是一个简单的问题，即您选择与何时，何处或与谁交配。 这也可能是由于无法生存和繁殖的后代而引起的。 今天的物种通常通过多种机制彼此分开，因此我们不知道它们是如何发展的。 同样，复杂的器官就像机器一样，有许多部分必须存在，并且如果机器起作用，则可以很好地整合，但是这种复杂性是如何产生的呢？ 在每种情况下，大自然通常都会向我们提供最终产品，而没有任何有关它们如何产生的线索。但是，有时大自然会提供一组物种，这些物种保留了足够的线索，以便像本研究计划一样研究它们的发生方式。 这项工作的影响与所研究的复杂器官有关。 这些研究者正在研究胎盘的演变，并在他们可以将物种与缺乏胎盘或缺乏胎盘较不复杂的胎盘的近亲进行比较的情况下这样做。 这种多样性使他们能够解决胎盘的后果，包括它如何影响生育能力。这项研究将增强对多个级别（高中，大学和研究生）的学生的培训，并向公众提供宣传。拟议的研究结合了两种解决方案的工作。首先，调查人员将在鱼家族poeciliidae中的所有物种上工作，从而使其能够定义进化变化的时间和顺序。 其次，他们将对家族中个体物种进行实验，以表征导致进化的机制。他们将对整个基因组进行测序，然后使用DNA序列重建家谱。 他们将表征树上每个物种的生物学，包括女性如何提供年轻人以及男性和女性如何选择与谁交配。 这些鱼都活着年轻，但是有些人在受精之前被施肥，而另一些鱼则在受精后继续提供卵。 后一组的功能相当于哺乳动物的胎盘，但是物种在胎盘的发育状态以及在发育过程中提供了多少胎盘的生长量有所不同。 物种在选择伴侣的方式上也有所不同，有些人的男性具有精致的装饰和求爱表演，而其他男性则没有性别差异，没有求爱。 生物学与家谱的融合将使研究人员能够推断出何时何地按何种顺序和伴侣选择的方面发展。 还可以测试某些特征的演变是否与新物种形成速度的加速或减速有关。 然后，可以测试从进化论得出的预测，以了解这些特征的演变如何相互关联。 家谱还使研究人员能够识别出在存在或不存在胎盘的情况下有所不同的密切相关的物种。 这些物种对成为实验的主题，在这些实验中，它们将对生殖隔离的生物学进行更详细的研究，包括评估多重交配和生殖分离的进化率。 在这两个层面上完成的工作的整合将使研究人员能够详细介绍配合系统和生殖方式如何影响生殖隔离的演变，这些不同的物种形成方面如何相互作用以塑造家庭中物种的演变以及它们如何影响物种率，他们如何通过评估NSF的法规范围来反映出依据的范围，这一奖项反映了众所周知的范围的范围。

项目成果

Molecular Signatures of Placentation and Secretion Uncovered in Poeciliopsis Maternal Follicles

• DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa121
• 发表时间: 2020-09-01
• 期刊: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
• 影响因子: 10.7
• 作者: Guernsey, Michael W.;van Kruistum, Henri;Baker, Julie C.
• 通讯作者: Baker, Julie C.

The evolution of the placenta in poeciliid fishes

• DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.008
• 发表时间: 2021-05-10
• 期刊: CURRENT BIOLOGY
• 影响因子: 9.2
• 作者: Furness, Andrew I.;Avise, John C.;Reznick, David N.
• 通讯作者: Reznick, David N.

Mode of maternal provisioning in the fish genus Phalloceros : a variation on the theme of matrotrophy

石笔鱼属的母体供应模式：母体营养主题的变体

• DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab121
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
• 影响因子: 1.9
• 作者: Zandonà, Eugenia;Kajin, Maja;Buckup, Paulo A;Amaral, Jeferson Ribeiro;Souto-Santos, Igor C;Reznick, David N
• 通讯作者: Reznick, David N