Spatial Analyses of Segregation Trends

隔离趋势的空间分析

• 批准号: 1355693
• 负责人: John Logan
• 金额: $ 24.65万
• 依托单位: Brown University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-06-15 至 2017-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1355693&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Spatial; Analyses; Segregation; Trends

SES-1355693John LoganBrown UniversityThis project analyzes the changes in residential patterns of European immigrants and African American migrants in ten major Northern and Midwestern cities. For the case of African Americans it will provide new detailed information about the trend toward increasing residential segregation that accompanied the Great Migration from the South. To what extent did individual socioeconomic mobility translate into living in more integrated or higher status neighborhoods for blacks? What was the response of whites to growing black population in certain parts of the city? For the case of European immigrants, the study will shed light on the process of spatial assimilation that has been documented in prior research. Were the earlier arriving groups (Germans, Irish, and British) still segregated from native whites when new groups began to arrive in large numbers? How long did it take for Italians, Russians, and Scandinavians to begin moving out of dense ethnic neighborhoods, and what were the characteristics of people who left or stayed within them? How did these processes vary across cities, based on group size or composition? The selection of cities for this study makes it possible to analyze both the spatial assimilation and segregation of immigrants, who were highly concentrated in these cities,. With respect to both kinds of minorities the study breaks new ground by studying segregation at a much higher spatial resolution (the enumeration district and census tract) than the ward (which is the basis for most research on segregation). A key comparison is between black-white segregation (believed to be moderate until after 1920 when blacks began moving in large numbers in the Great Migration) and immigrant residential enclaves that are viewed as transitory in nature. This project will offer a critical test of these conclusions and provide some of the first analyses of trends in class segregation. In addition, it will answer questions about the processes of residential change based on spatial analyses of neighborhoods. First, which group members lived in co-ethnic neighborhoods and how did social mobility and acculturation translate into living outside of these enclaves for different groups, in different kinds of cities, and in different decades)? For this purpose neighborhoods will be defined as combinations of enumeration districts based on spatial dependence in social composition. Neighborhoods, then, are expected to vary in location and scale over time as settlement patterns evolve. Second, how do neighborhoods change, particularly in relation to the invasion/succession process that has been documented for much of the 20th Century ? the phenomenon of native (3+ generation) whites deserting neighborhoods when blacks and immigrants began arriving. Were there tipping points of racial and ethnic change in the early decades of the century, and if so did the extent of white native flight differ according to the race and ethnicity of new arrivals?Broader Impacts These questions will be addressed using 100% samples of residents of ten cities in each decade, aggregated to small areas (enumeration districts) and mapped within a GIS system. The data and maps will be made available for public use via a web-based map browser and also shared through direct download. This study is highly relevant to major contemporary social concerns. Black ghettoization anchored patterns of racial segregation, and processes of immigrant spatial assimilation have been renewed as Hispanics and Asians have become the fastest growing population groups in the nation. It is essential to understand the precedents for these processes in order to have realistic expectations about the current situation.

SES-1355693约翰洛根布朗大学该项目分析了欧洲移民和非裔美国移民在北部和中西部十个主要城市的居住模式的变化。 对于非裔美国人的情况，它将提供有关伴随南方大移民而来的居住隔离加剧趋势的新的详细信息。个人社会经济流动性在多大程度上转化为黑人生活在更加一体化或更高地位的社区？白人对城市某些地区黑人人口不断增长有何反应？对于欧洲移民的案例，这项研究将揭示先前研究中记录的空间同化过程。当新群体开始大量抵达时，较早抵达的群体（德国人、爱尔兰人和英国人）是否仍然与本土白人隔离？意大利人、俄罗斯人和斯堪的纳维亚人花了多长时间才开始搬出密集的民族社区，离开或留在其中的人有什么特征？根据群体规模或组成，这些流程在不同城市有何不同？本研究选择的城市使得分析高度集中在这些城市的移民的空间同化和隔离成为可能。对于这两种少数群体，这项研究开辟了新天地，以比选区（这是大多数隔离研究的基础）更高的空间分辨率（普查区和人口普查区）来研究隔离。 一个关键的比较是黑人与白人之间的隔离（据信在 1920 年之后黑人开始在大迁徙中大量迁移之前一直是温和的）和被视为过渡性的移民居住飞地。该项目将对这些结论进行严格的检验，并对阶级隔离的趋势提供一些初步分析。此外，它将根据社区空间分析回答有关居住变化过程的问题。首先，哪些群体成员生活在同族社区，以及社会流动性和文化适应如何转化为不同群体、不同类型的城市和不同年代的这些飞地之外的生活？为此，社区将根据社会构成的空间依赖性被定义为查点区的组合。随着居住模式的演变，社区的位置和规模预计会随着时间的推移而变化。其次，社区如何变化，特别是与 20 世纪大部分时间记录的入侵/继承过程有关？当黑人和移民开始抵达时，本土（三代以上）白人抛弃社区的现象。本世纪初期是否存在种族和民族变迁的转折点？如果存在，白人原住民逃亡的程度是否会根据新移民的种族和族裔而有所不同？更广泛的影响 这些问题将使用 100% 的样本来解决每十年十个城市的居民，汇总到小区域（普查区）并在 GIS 系统中绘制地图。这些数据和地图将通过基于网络的地图浏览器供公众使用，并通过直接下载进行共享。这项研究与当代社会关注的重大问题高度相关。黑人贫民窟化锚定了种族隔离的模式，随着西班牙裔和亚洲裔成为美国增长最快的人口群体，移民空间同化的进程也得到了更新。了解这些流程的先例至关重要，以便对当前情况抱有现实的期望。