Collaborative Proposal: Coupled C, N and S cycling in coastal plain wetlands: how will climate change and salt water intrusion alter ecosystem dynamics?

合作提案：沿海平原湿地耦合的碳、氮和硫循环：气候变化和咸水入侵将如何改变生态系统动态？

• 批准号: 1021039
• 负责人: Amy Burgin
• 金额: $ 30.71万
• 依托单位: Wright State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-10-01 至 2012-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1021039&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Proposal; Coupled; cycling; coastal

Coastal plain wetlands occupy a critical landscape position at the intersection of terrestrial and aquatic and fresh and salt waters. Like all wetlands, coastal wetlands are disproportionately valuable in terms of services provided compared to the area they comprise including nutrient transformation, water purification, and flood control. Humans have drained wetlands throughout much of the southeastern coastal plain for agriculture and forestry, thus diminishing their capacity to provide critical ecosystem services such as nutrient and carbon sequestration. At the same time, fertilizer use and manure from intensive meat and poultry production have dramatically increased nutrient loading to coastal ecosystems. Increased loading and decreased retention of nutrients has caused eutrophication of downstream freshwater and coastal ecosystems, with the associated degradation in water quality and decline in coastal fisheries. Climate change may further exacerbate these trends: higher temperatures and increasingly sporadic precipitation may further diminish the spatial extent of perennially flooded wetlands and is already leading to seasonal salt water intrusion during drought. Predicting the likely ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling of coastal plain freshwaters into a saltier and increasingly uncertain hydrologic future requires significant improvements to our current understanding of freshwater ecosystems. This proposal focuses strategically on two aspects of this problem: first, incorporating sulfur (~from sea salt) dynamics into our understanding of how microbes alter carbon and nutrient cycling and second, utilizing simulation modeling to mesh dynamic hydrology together with microbial biogeochemistry. Adaptive simulation modeling together with targeted empirical work will allow us to rapidly test and refine current models of wetland carbon and nutrient cycling and to formalize the emerging conceptual understanding of wetland biogeochemistry into a flexible, easily adjusted modeling framework. The focal field site is a formerly ditched and drained agricultural field in North Carolina's coastal plain that was restored to riverine wetland hydrology in 2007, becoming the largest privately owned mitigation bank in the southeast. The site has very little topographic relief (-1 to +1 m elevation); experiences significant salt water intrusion via surface water mixing during summer droughts; and has wind tide driven hydrology that generates large gradients in sulfur concentrations in both time and space. The field site is representative of large areas of SE coastal plain agricultural landscapes that are being actively restored or abandoned. The economic and ecological "success" of this project will be closely watched by regulators and practitioners throughout the region. This research program will directly affect the potential for site owners to sell validated carbon and nutrient credits in emerging ecosystem service markets. Resulting research findings (together with their economic implications) will influence future patterns of mitigation and conservation investment throughout the southeastern coastal plain and will provide critical information that will facilitate climate adaptation planning throughout the region.

沿海平原湿地占据了陆地，水生和新鲜和盐水的交汇处的关键景观位置。与所有湿地一样，与其构成的面积相比，沿海湿地在提供的服务方面具有不成比例的价值，包括营养转化，净水和防洪。 人类在整个东南沿海平原上排干了农业和林业的湿地，从而降低了他们提供关键生态系统服务（例如营养和碳固执）的能力。 同时，强化肉类和家禽生产的肥料使用和肥料已大大增加了沿海生态系统的营养负荷。 养分的负荷增加和减少的保留量导致下游淡水和沿海生态系统的富营养化，与沿海渔业的水质下降和下降有关。 气候变化可能会进一步加剧这些趋势：较高的温度和日益零星的降水可能会进一步降低长期淹没湿地的空间范围，并且已经导致干旱期间季节性盐水入侵。 预测沿海普通淡水的生态系统碳和养分循环，使我们目前对淡水生态系统的理解有了显着改善。 该提案从战略上关注了这个问题的两个方面：首先将硫（来自海盐）动态纳入我们对微生物如何改变碳和营养循环的理解，其次是利用模拟建模，将模拟与微生物生物地球化学一起使用。 自适应模拟建模与有针对性的经验工作将使我们能够快速测试并完善当前的湿地碳和营养循环模型，并将对湿地生物地球化学的新兴概念理解形式化为一个灵活的，易于调整的建模框架。 焦点场地是北卡罗来纳州沿海平原的一个以前被抛弃和排水的农田，于2007年恢复为Riverine Wetland水文学，成为东南部最大的私人缓解库。该地点几乎没有地形浮雕（海拔-1至+1 m）；在夏季干旱期间，通过地表水混合体验了大量的盐水侵入；并具有风向驱动的水文学，可在时间和空间中产生硫浓度的较大梯度。 该现场代表了SE沿海平原农业景观的大区域，这些景观正在积极恢复或放弃。 该项目的经济和生态“成功”将由整个地区的监管机构和从业人员密切关注。 该研究计划将直接影响现场所有者在新兴生态系统服务市场中出售经过验证的碳和营养信用的潜力。 结果研究结果（以及其经济影响）将影响整个沿海平原的缓解和保护投资的未来模式，并将提供关键信息，以促进整个地区的气候适应计划。