Collaborative Research: Physiological limits to vertical migrations of the pelagic, jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas in the Gulf of California

合作研究：加利福尼亚湾中上层巨型鱿鱼和 Dosidicus gigas 垂直迁移的生理限制

• 批准号: 0526640
• 负责人: William Gilly
• 金额: $ 26.72万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-09-01 至 2009-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0526640&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Physiological; limits; vertical

Inshore and open-ocean (pelagic) squid are the most athletic of all invertebrates. They are highly active, jet-propelled swimmers, have high metabolic rates and grow at a prodigious rate throughout their short life spans of one to two years. Such squid are abundant in all the world's oceans where they play important ecological roles as major predators. Adult squid serve as essential prey for many top predators, including sharks, tuna, billfish and marine mammals. In addition, squid are becoming increasingly important in commercial fisheries worldwide as they replace slow-growing fish, particularly where these stocks are being depleted. Dosidicus gigas, also known as the jumbo or Humboldt squid, is a true giant, reaching 2-3 m in overall length and over 50 kg in mass. It is widely distributed over the eastern Pacific, ranging from Chile to Canada and nearly to Hawaii at the equator. It forms the basis of a major commercial fishery, presently the third largest in Mexico. Despite the ecological and economic importance of D. gigas, little is known about its life history, behavior or physiology. Its large size and open-ocean habitat complicate traditional field and laboratory studies. This project focuses on integrative field and laboratory studies of D. gigas in the Gulf of California using recently developed techniques that facilitate such studies. Pilot tagging studies have revealed that D. gigas spends the daytime in cold, deep, oxygen-depleted water (~10 deg C at 300 meters) and migrates at night to shallow, aerated surface waters that can reach 30 deg C. Frequent rapid dives at night to daytime depths cover several hundred meters in minutes. It is a mystery how these large, metabolically active squid can tolerate the stress of chronic daytime hypoxia at depth. Conversely, warm surface waters also may present a stress that limits the time squid can spend in this zone. This proposal will employ electronic tagging to track vertical migrations of this pelagic predator and to monitor natural jetting and respiration at different depths. Oxygen consumption determined from these data, with calibrations provided by laboratory swim-tunnel experiments and biochemical indices of anaerobic metabolism, will provide a measure of the true energetic costs to the squid itself. Extreme low-light video methods will reveal natural behaviors over the range of a typical vertical migration, both day and night. Thus, this project will reveal what this remarkable squid is doing in its oceanic habitat, why it is doing it, and what physiological and biochemical adaptations permit these behaviors at some depths and preclude them at others. This study will greatly advance our understanding of the biology of D. gigas and provide a model for an integrated approach to studying the ecological physiology of other pelagic predators. It will also establish a life-history framework that will ultimately be necessary to manage this fishery at the ecosystem level in Mexico and elsewhere. It includes training of a postdoctoral fellow and two graduate students, and collaboration with two Mexican scientists and their students. Cephalopods, particularly large squid, are charismatic and appealing to the public, and this project has significant potential for mass public outreach through a variety of media.

近海和开放海洋（山脉）鱿鱼是所有无脊椎动物中最运动的。他们是高度活跃的，喷气式飞机的游泳者，在一到两年的短暂寿命跨度中以高的代谢率和巨大的速度增长。这种鱿鱼在世界上所有的海洋中都很丰富，在这些海洋中，它们扮演着重要的生态角色。成人鱿鱼是许多顶级捕食者的重要猎物，包括鲨鱼，金枪鱼，比尔鱼和海洋哺乳动物。此外，随着鱿鱼取代缓慢生长的鱼，乌贼在全球商业渔业中变得越来越重要，尤其是在耗尽这些股票的情况下。 Dosidicus Gigas，也称为Jumbo或Humboldt Squid，是一个真正的巨人，总长度达到2-3 m，质量超过50千克。它广泛分布在东太平洋，从智利到加拿大，几乎到赤道的夏威夷。它构成了主要商业渔业的基础，目前是墨西哥第三大的基础。尽管D. gigas的生态和经济重要性，但对其人生历史，行为或生理学知之甚少。它的大尺寸和开放海洋栖息地使传统的领域和实验室研究变得复杂。该项目着重于加利福尼亚湾的D. gigas的综合领域和实验室研究，该项目使用最近开发的促进此类研究的技术。试点标记研究表明，D。Gigas在寒冷，深，氧气耗尽的水（300米处〜10摄氏度）中度过，并在晚上迁移到可充气的地表水，可以在夜间到达30度的浅层，白天频繁地潜水，白天，几分钟内覆盖了几百米。这些大型，代谢活性的鱿鱼如何忍受深度慢性白天缺氧的压力是一个谜。相反，温暖的地表水也可能会带来压力，以限制鱿鱼在该区域中花费的时间。该提案将采用电子标签来跟踪该上层捕食者的垂直迁移，并在不同深度监测天然的喷射和呼吸。从这些数据确定的氧气消耗以及由实验室游泳隧道实验和厌氧代谢的生化指数提供的校准，将为鱿鱼本身提供真正的能量成本。极端的低光视频方法将在白天和黑夜的典型垂直迁移范围内揭示自然行为。因此，该项目将揭示这种非凡的鱿鱼在其海洋栖息地中所做的事情，为什么要做的事情以及生理和生化适应性允许这些行为在某些深度允许这些行为，并在其他深处排除了这些行为。这项研究将大大提高我们对D. gigas的生物学的理解，并为研究其他上层捕食者的生态生理学提供综合方法的模型。它还将建立一个生活史框架，最终将有必要在墨西哥和其他地方的生态系统层面管理这种渔业。它包括对博士后研究员和两名研究生的培训，以及与两名墨西哥科学家及其学生的合作。头足动物，尤其是大鱿鱼，具有魅力且对公众的吸引力，并且该项目通过各种媒体具有巨大的大众公开展览的潜力。