Collaborative Research: Determining the Air-Water CO2 Flux in Coastal Systems

合作研究：确定沿海系统中的空气-水二氧化碳通量

• 批准号: 0526677
• 负责人: Christopher Zappa
• 金额: $ 46.77万
• 依托单位: Columbia University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-10-01 至 2009-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0526677&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Determining; Air; Water

The processes controlling carbon transport and transformations within rivers, estuaries, and the coastal ocean remain a large source of uncertainty in regional and global budgets of carbon, nutrients, and pollutants. In order to accurately assess these processes, studies require accurate estimates of the air-water CO2 flux. Currently, these efforts are seriously undermined by an inability to satisfactorily model the factors governing air-water gas transfer in physically complex coastal systems.In this study, researchers at the University of Columbia and Yale University will: (i) determine the spatial and temporal variability of turbulence that governs air-water CO2 exchange in coastal systems; (ii) measure the processes controlling the air-water CO2 exchange rate in river/estuarine systems, and resolve the relative importance that wind, tides, stratification, and bathymetry play in generating near surface turbulence in various estuarine systems; (iii) directly compare the gradient flux and the floating dome techniques; and (iv) determine the relative importance of the air-water CO2 flux versus other terms in the carbon budget in coastal systems. Field experiments will be conducted in the Hudson River estuary (large tidal river system), the Parker River estuary (smaller macro-tidal river system), and the Long Island Sound (semi-enclosed coastal sea) to study systems with a range of biogeochemical and physical forcing. Measurements of air-water flux of CO2 using the gradient flux and floating dome techniques will be used to determine the gas transfer velocity in these systems. Simultaneously, turbulence at the water surface (e.g., turbulent kinetic energy dissipation) and physical forcing responsible for generating near surface turbulence (e.g., wind speed, tidal currents, stratification, bathymetry) will be quantified. The goal is to understand the processes controlling the CO2 flux in these three distinct coastal systems, so that the amount of CO2 exchange to the atmosphere in a wide range of other coastal systems and the ocean can be predicted. Because this study relates directly to the cycles of any element with a gaseous phase, including many biogenic gases and industrial pollutants such as N2O, PCBs, Hg0 (g), and PAHs, the results from the project will reduce the large errors in gas exchange estimation. This will allow the dominant pathways of harmful volatile pollutants to be assessed more carefully. The project will provide support and training for graduate and undergraduate students, and include the participation of k-12 science teachers. The results will be available to the public through a number of educational programs.

控制河流，河口和沿海海洋内部碳运输和转型的过程仍然是碳，养分和污染物的区域和全球预算中不确定性的重要来源。为了准确评估这些过程，研究需要对空气 - 水二氧化碳通量进行准确的估计。目前，由于无法令人满意地对沿海化体系中的空气水天然气转移的因素进行令人满意的模型，因此这些努力严重破坏了。在这项研究中，哥伦比亚大学和耶鲁大学的研究人员将：（i）确定湍流的空间和时间变异性，该湍流控制着沿海系统中空气 - 水二氧化碳交换的空间和时间变化； （ii）衡量控制河流/河口系统中空气 - 水二氧化碳汇率的过程，并解决在各种河口系统中产生近乎表面湍流的风，潮汐，分层和测深的相对重要性； （iii）直接比较梯度通量和浮动圆顶技术； （iv）确定沿海系统中碳预算中空气 - 水二氧化碳通量与其他术语的相对重要性。 将在哈德逊河河口（大型潮汐河系统），帕克河河口（较小的宏观潮汐河系统）和长岛声音（半封闭的沿海海）中进行现场实验，以研究具有一系列生物地球化学和物理强迫的系统。使用梯度通量和浮动圆顶技术测量CO2的空气水通量将用于确定这些系统中的气体传递速度。同时，将量化水面的湍流（例如，湍流动能耗散）和物理强迫，负责产生近表面湍流（例如，风速，潮流，分层，测深）。目的是了解在这三个不同的沿海系统中控制二氧化碳通量的过程，以便可以预测在其他沿海系统中与大气交换的数量，并且可以预测海洋。 因为这项研究直接与具有气态相的任何元素的周期有关，包括许多生物气体和工业污染物，例如N2O，PCBS，HG0（G）和PAH，因此该项目的结果将减少气体交换估算中的较大错误。 这将允许对有害挥发物污染物的主要途径进行更仔细的评估。 该项目将为研究生和本科生提供支持和培训，并包括K-12科学教师的参与。 结果将通过许多教育计划向公众提供。