The Impact of the Stalinist System on Science: Nuclear, Low Temperature and Theoretical Physics in Ukraine, 1930-1960

斯大林制度对科学的影响：乌克兰的核物理、低温物理和理论物理，1930-1960 年

• 批准号: 0322274
• 负责人: Paul Josephson
• 金额: $ 3.29万
• 依托单位: Colby College
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Fixed Amount Award
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-07-01 至 2005-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0322274&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Impact; Stalinist; System; Science; Nuclear

Project AbstractSES 0322274Paul Josephson, Colby College"The Impact of the Stalinist System on Science: Nuclear, Low Temperature, and Theoretical Physics in Ukraine, 1930-1960"Ukraine was a leading center of nuclear, theoretical and low temperature physics in the 1930s. Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac, P. M. S. Blackett and Boris Podolsky, among many others, visited its renowned center of research in Kharkiv, the Ukrainian Physical TechnicalInstitute (UFTI). Kirill Sinelnikov, who studied with Ernest Rutherford in Cambridge, directed the institute for many years, while future Nobel laureate Lev Landau began his career at UFTI.Leading Soviet physicists and representatives of the Communist Party set out to establish UFTI at the beginning of Stalin's crash program for industrialization and forced collectivization of agriculture in the late 1920s. Within a few years, the Great Terror commenced, leading to the arrest, interrogation, imprisonment and execution of millions of innocent citizens. The purges seem to have reached an intensity in Kharkiv unrivaled elsewhere in the USSR. In this project, a uniquely qualified international team of researchers will examine in great detail the history of Ukrainian physics. Specifically, using materials in government and institute archives, interviews, and local newspapers, the researchers will explore the impact of the Stalinist system on the physics community. By impact of the Stalinist system we mean: centralization of science policy; an emphasis on applied science at the expense of basic research; the introduction of a new system of planning of scientific activity; the establishment of autarky or international isolation in science; and the ideologization of science.This project will make several important contributions to the history of science. First, it will add to our understanding of the interaction of Stalinism and science. Second, it will reveal to what extent the experience of Ukrainian scientists differed from that of scientists in the physics discipline elsewhere in the USSR. Third, it will add a new chapter to the growing literature on cold war science. Fourth, by providing modest funding to Ukrainian specialists and several graduate assistants, it will support science studies which we believe are important to the ongoing evaluation of the place of science in contemporary Ukraine.

Project摘要0322274Paul Josephson，Colby College，“斯大林主义系统对科学的影响：乌克兰的核，低温和理论物理学，1930- 1960年”乌克兰是1930年代的核，理论和低温物理学的领先中心。 Niels Bohr，Paul Dirac，P。M. S. Blackett和Boris Podolsky等人在乌克兰物理技术Institute（UFTI）的Kharkiv访问了其著名的研究中心。 Kirill Sinelnikov, who studied with Ernest Rutherford in Cambridge, directed the institute for many years, while future Nobel laureate Lev Landau began his career at UFTI.Leading Soviet physicists and representatives of the Communist Party set out to establish UFTI at the beginning of Stalin's crash program for industrialization and forced collectivization of agriculture in the late 1920s.几年之内，巨大的恐怖开始，导致逮捕，审讯，监禁和处决数百万无辜的公民。清洗似乎已经达到了苏联其他地方无与伦比的哈尔基夫的强度。在这个项目中，一个独特的国际研究人员团队将详细研究乌克兰物理学的历史。具体来说，研究人员将使用政府和研究所档案，访谈和当地报纸中的材料，将探索斯大林主义体系对物理社区的影响。通过斯大林主义体系的影响，我们的意思是：科学政策的集中化；强调应用科学，以基础研究为代价；引入了新的科学活动计划制度；在科学领域建立自闭症或国际隔离；科学的意识形态。该项目将为科学史做出一些重要的贡献。首先，这将增加我们对斯大林主义与科学相互作用的理解。其次，它将揭示乌克兰科学家的经验与苏联其他地方物理学科的科学家的经验在多大程度上不同。第三，它将为不断发展的冷战科学文献添加新篇章。第四，通过向乌克兰专家和几位研究生助理提供适度的资金，它将支持科学研究，我们认为这对于对当代乌克兰科学地位的持续评估至关重要。