Cool surface technologies, urban vegetation, and their effects on energy and air quality in Canadian climates

冷表面技术、城市植被及其对加拿大气候中能源和空气质量的影响

基本信息

批准号：
RGPIN-2015-06195
负责人：
Akbari, Hashem
金额：
$ 1.82万
依托单位：
Concordia University
依托单位国家：
加拿大
项目类别：
Discovery Grants Program - Individual
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
加拿大
起止时间：
2018-01-01 至 2019-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=643610
关键词：
Cool surface technologies urban vegetation

项目摘要

During the summer, cool roofs reflect most of the incoming sunshine and reduce heat conduction through roofs. Similarly, strategically placed trees, shading windows and walls of a building reduce the direct heat gain. The reduction in summer heat gains reduces the air-conditioning load of a building, improves comfort, saves peak demand electricity, and save money. During the winter, cool roofs and shade trees may add to the heating load of a building, however, the heating energy penalties are fairly small (trees can actually save heating energy bills by shielding a building from cold wind).***Summertime temperatures in many Canadian cities have been steadily increasing with expansion of the city. Also, most new buildings are equipped with air-conditioners; as a result the local utility companies are experiencing significant summertime peak load. Cool urban surfaces together with vegetation can potentially cool down the city by a few degrees, further reducing cooling energy demand, improve ambient air-quality, and reduce summertime heat stress related mortality. Also, data suggest that cool roofs and cool pavements may last longer than the hot standard materials, lower life-cycle cost and lower waste. ******Increasing the solar reflectance of urban surfaces, in addition, increases reflection of short-wave radiation back to space. This process of "negative radiative forcing" counters global warming. IPCC estimates that increasing the solar reflectance of a m2 of surface by 0.01 cools down the globe equivalent to reducing CO2 emissions by 7 kg. Increasing the reflectance of 50% urban areas by 0.10, cools down the world equivalent to 130 Gtonne of CO2 (~ 50 years of emissions from all cars). ******The objective of this project is to perform basic and applied research addressing energy efficiency and air quality appropriate to Canadian cold climates, buildings and communities. We will: Perform detailed analysis to characterize the effects of cool surfaces and vegetation on building and community energy use and urban air quality; Develop detailed land use databases for several Canadian cities (obtain high-resolution orthophotos and perform statistical analysis to characterize urban fabrics); Develop implementation programs for installing cool roofs, cool pavements, vegetation; Develop climate- and regional-specific cool roofing and cool paving materials appropriate for Canadian climate (in collaboration with roofing and pavement industry); Develop regional-specific correlation between increasing urban albedo and global warming; Assist local, states, and federal governments to develop regional energy codes, standards, implementation guidelines; and Seek and train research scientists, post-doctoral fellows, and graduate students with strong background and interest in buildings and community design, material development, climate and air quality modeling, and codes and standards development.**

在夏季，凉爽的屋顶反映了大部分传入的阳光，并减少了通过屋顶传导的热量。同样，策略上放置的树木，建筑物的阴影窗户和墙壁减少了直接的热量增益。夏季热量的减少减少了建筑物的空调负荷，改善舒适度，节省了高峰需求电力并节省了资金。在冬季，凉爽的屋顶和阴影树可能会增加建筑物的加热负荷，但是，供暖能量的惩罚相当小（实际上，通过屏蔽一座建筑物免受冷风屏蔽建筑物的掩护，树木实际上可以节省供暖能源账单）。***许多加拿大城市的夏季温度随着城市扩张而稳步上升。此外，大多数新建筑都配备了空调。结果，当地的公用事业公司正在经历夏季大量的峰值负载。凉爽的城市表面与植被一起可能会减少几个程度，进一步减少冷却能量需求，改善环境空气质量，并降低与夏季热应激相关的死亡率。此外，数据表明，凉爽的屋顶和凉爽的人行道可能比热标准材料，较低的生命周期成本和较低的废物持续更长。 ******增加了城市表面的太阳反射率，此外，还增加了短波辐射回到太空的反射。这种“负辐射强迫”的过程反驳了全球变暖。 IPCC估计，将表面M2的太阳反射率提高0.01会使地球降低相当于将二氧化碳排放量减少7 kg。将50％城市地区的反射率提高了0.10，使世界冷静下来，相当于130 Gtonne的CO2（所有汽车排放量约50年）。 ******该项目的目的是进行基本和应用的研究，以解决适合加拿大寒冷气候，建筑物和社区的能源效率和空气质量。我们将：进行详细的分析，以表征凉爽表面和植被对建筑和社区能源使用以及城市空气质量的影响；为加拿大几个城市开发详细的土地使用数据库（获取高分辨率正赶脚本并进行统计分析以表征Urban Fabrics）；开发实施程序，用于安装凉爽的屋顶，凉爽的人行道，植被；开发气候和区域特定的凉爽屋顶和适合加拿大气候的凉爽铺路材料（与屋顶和路面行业合作）；在增加城市反映和全球变暖之间发展区域特定的相关性；协助地方，州和联邦政府制定区域能源法规，标准，实施指南；并寻求和培训研究科学家，博士后研究员以及对建筑物和社区设计，材料开发，气候和空气质量建模以及代码和标准发展的浓厚兴趣和兴趣的研究生。**