Mitigating urban heat islands to save cooling energy use, improve urban comfort and air quality, reduce heat-related mortality, and counter global warming

缓解城市热岛效应，节省制冷能源使用，改善城市舒适度和空气质量，降低与炎热相关的死亡率，并应对全球变暖

基本信息

批准号：
RGPIN-2020-06758
负责人：
Akbari, Hashem
金额：
$ 1.89万
依托单位：
Concordia University
依托单位国家：
加拿大
项目类别：
Discovery Grants Program - Individual
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
加拿大
起止时间：
2020-01-01 至 2021-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=718081
关键词：
Mitigating urban heat islands save

项目摘要

Summary of Proposal During the summer, cool roofs and cool walls reflect most of the incoming sunshine and reduce heat conduction through roofs and walls. Similarly, strategically placed trees, shading windows and walls of a building reduce the direct heat gain. The reduction in summer heat gains reduces the air-conditioning load of a building, improves comfort, saves peak demand electricity, and save money. During the winter, cool roofs and shade trees may add to the heating load of a building, however, the heating energy penalties are fairly small (trees can actually save heating energy bills by shielding a building from cold wind). Summertime temperatures in many Canadian cities have been steadily increasing with expansion of the city. Also, most new buildings are equipped with air-conditioners; as a result the local utility companies are experiencing significant summertime peak load. Cool urban surfaces together with vegetation can potentially cool down the city by a few degrees, further reducing cooling energy demand, improve ambient air-quality, and reduce summertime heat stress related mortality. Increasing the solar reflectance of urban surfaces, increases reflection of short-wave radiation back to space. This process of "negative radiative forcing" counters global warming. IPCC estimates that increasing the solar reflectance of a m2 of surface by 0.01 cools down the globe equivalent to reducing CO2 emissions by 7 kg. Increasing the reflectance of 50% urban areas by 0.10, cools down the world equivalent to 130 Gtonne of CO2 (~ 50 years of emissions from all cars in the world). The objective of this program is to perform basic and applied research addressing energy efficiency and air quality appropriate to Canadian cold climates, buildings and communities. We will: Perform detailed analysis to characterize effects of cool surfaces and vegetation on building and community energy use and urban air quality; Develop detailed land-use databases for several Canadian cities (obtain high-resolution orthophotos and perform statistical analysis to characterize urban fabrics); Develop guidelines for installing cool roofs, cool pavements, vegetation; Develop climate- and regional-specific cool roofing and cool paving materials appropriate for Canadian climate ; Conduct research on the impact of heat islands and mitigation technologies on ambient air quality, citizen comfort, and summertime heat-stress mortality and morbidity; Develop regional-specific correlation between increasing urban albedo and global warming; Assist local, states, and federal governments to develop regional energy codes, standards, implementation guidelines; Organize workshops and conference to disseminate information to practitioners and policy makers; and Seek and train HQP with strong background in buildings and community design, material development, climate and air quality modeling, and codes and standards development.

提案摘要在夏季，凉爽的屋顶和凉爽的墙壁反映了大部分传入的阳光，并减少了通过屋顶和墙壁的热传导。同样，策略上放置的树木，建筑物的阴影窗户和墙壁减少了直接的热量增益。夏季热量的减少减少了建筑物的空调负荷，改善舒适度，节省了高峰需求电力并节省了资金。在冬季，凉爽的屋顶和阴影树可能会增加建筑物的加热负荷，但是，加热能量的惩罚相当小（树木实际上可以通过将建筑物免受冷风来节省加热能量账单）。随着城市的扩大，许多加拿大城市的夏季温度一直在稳步上升。此外，大多数新建筑都配备了空调。结果，当地的公用事业公司正在经历夏季大量的峰值负载。凉爽的城市表面与植被一起可能会减少几个程度，进一步减少冷却能量需求，改善环境空气质量，并降低与夏季热应激相关的死亡率。增加城市表面的太阳反射率，增加短波辐射回到空间的反射。这种“负辐射强迫”的过程反驳了全球变暖。 IPCC估计，将表面M2的太阳反射率提高0.01会使地球降低相当于将二氧化碳排放量减少7 kg。将50％城市地区的反射率提高了0.10，使世界冷静下来，相当于130 Gtonne的CO2（世界上所有汽车的排放量约50年）。该计划的目的是进行基本和应用的研究，以解决适合加拿大寒冷气候，建筑物和社区的能源效率和空气质量。我们将：进行详细的分析，以表征凉爽表面和植被对建筑和社区能源使用以及城市空气质量的影响；为加拿大几个城市开发详细的土地利用数据库（获取高分辨率正射原状并进行统计分析以表征Urban Fabrics）；制定安装凉爽屋顶，凉爽人行道，植被的准则；开发气候和区域特异性的凉爽屋顶和适合加拿大气候的凉爽铺路材料；对热岛和缓解技术对环境空气质量，公民舒适和夏季热压力死亡和发病率的影响进行研究；在增加城市反映和全球变暖之间发展区域特定的相关性；协助地方，州和联邦政府制定区域能源法规，标准，实施指南；组织研讨会和会议，向从业人员和政策制定者传播信息；和在建筑物和社区设计，材料开发，气候和空气质量建模以及代码和标准开发方面的建筑物和社区设计，材料开发，气候和空气质量建模，并培训HQP。