Mechanisms of adaptation in (healthy and aphasic) noisy-channel comprehension

（健康和失语）噪声通道理解的适应机制

• 批准号: 9191484
• 负责人: Rachel Ryskin
• 金额: $ 5.25万
• 依托单位: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-07-18 至 2019-07-17
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9191484
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Affect; Agrammatism; Aphasia; Binding; Brain Injuries; Cells; Clinical; Communication; Comprehension; Cues; Data; Daughter; Environment; Failure; Goals; Hearing; Individual; Intervention; Intervention Studies; Knowledge; Language; Language Disorders; Learning; Memory; Modeling; Mothers; Noise; One-Step dentin bonding system; Participant; Pattern; Persons; Process; Property; Research; Research Design; Research Training; Semantics; Source; Specificity; Speech; System; Testing; Training; Work; adjudicate; aphasic; base; cognitive change; design; expectation; experience; flexibility; insertion/deletion mutation; insight; language comprehension; language impairment; language processing; non-Native; novel; research study; syntax; theories; therapy development; transmission process

The broad objective of the proposed research and training is to understand the mechanisms that underlie efficient language comprehension and how these are altered in persons with language impairment, specifically aphasia. Recent theories of language processing have proposed that communication is typically subject to noise (e.g., Gibson, Bergen, & Piantadosi, 2013)—in the form of speaker error, environmental noise, or listener misperception—and that comprehenders employ rational integration of prior knowledge and noisy evidence to infer the intended meaning of the corrupted message. Further, Gibson, Sandberg, Fedorenko, Bergen, & Kiran (in press) propose that failures to use syntactic cues and an over-reliance on plausibility information by persons with agrammatic aphasia can be explained by the same noisy-channel framework, rather than a syntactic deficit. On this account, persons with aphasia simply have a higher base level of noise in their representation of how a message is likely to be corrupted. These novel proposals raise important questions about language processing in healthy individuals, as well as persons with aphasia. The proposed work will examine the learning and memory mechanisms that support the representation of the noise model. Aim 1. To determine whether listeners adapt to specific properties of the noise and to what extent the representations are tied to the context in which they are experienced. Aim 2. To investigate whether the representation of noise and adaptation mechanisms differ between healthy individuals and persons with agrammatic aphasia. In the proposed experiments, we will address these aims by comparing persons with agrammatic aphasia to neurologically healthy controls and brain damaged controls. Participants will be exposed to sentences, some of which contain errors (i.e., noise), and asked to interpret their meaning. The critical sentences will be grammatically correct but implausible based on world knowledge (e.g. “The mother gave the candle the daughter.”). If participants assume the intended sentence was actually, “The mother gave the candle to the daughter,” that indicates that, in their model of the noise, the deletion of one word is very likely. The noise will be manipulated in various ways to test whether participants can learn specific features of the noise (e.g., that some errors are more likely than others), bind features of the noise to the context (e.g., that some errors are more likely but only given a particular speaker), or flexibly exert control over their own adaptation (e.g., adjust their expectations if they are told the speaker's errors were due to an external disturbance that has been removed). Findings from this research will bring us one step closer to understanding how the language processing system, in healthy individuals, accomplishes such efficient communication in the face of variable noise. Furthermore, understanding how these noise-adaptation mechanisms operate in aphasia will contribute to the development of treatments for persons with aphasia.

拟议研究和培训的总体目标是了解 有效语言理解的基础以及语言障碍人士如何实现这些理解， 特别是失语症的最新理论提出，沟通是典型的。 受到噪声的影响（例如，Gibson、Bergen 和 Piantadosi，2013 年）——以说话者错误、环境噪声、 或听众的误解——理解者会合理整合先验知识和噪音 此外，Gibson、Sandberg、Fedorenko 还提供了推断损坏消息的意图的证据。 Bergen 和 Kiran（正在出版）提出，未能使用句法线索和过度依赖合理性 语法失语症患者的信息可以用相同的噪声通道框架来解释， 因此，失语症患者的噪音基础水平较高，而不是句法缺陷。 这些新颖的提议提出了重要的建议。 有关健康人和失语症患者语言处理的问题。 工作将检查支持噪声模型表示的学习和记忆机制。 目标 1. 确定听者是否适应噪声的特定属性以及适应程度如何 表征与他们所经历的背景联系在一起。 目标 2. 研究噪声和适应机制的表示是否存在差异 健康人和患有语法性失语症的人。 在拟议的实验中，我们将通过比较具有语法障碍的人来实现这些目标 失语症、神经健康对照和脑损伤对照的参与者将接触到。 句子，其中一些包含错误（即噪音），并要求解释其含义。 句子在语法上是正确的，但基于世界知识却难以置信（例如“The mother Gives the 如果参与者认为预期的句子实际上是“母亲给了女儿”。 给女儿蜡烛”，这表明，在他们的噪音模型中，很有可能删除一个单词。 将以各种方式操纵噪音，以测试参与者是否能够学习到特定的特征 噪声（例如，某些错误比其他错误更可能发生），将噪声的特征与上下文绑定（例如， 有些错误的可能性更大，但仅限于特定的说话者），或者灵活地控制自己的 适应（例如，如果他们被告知说话者的错误是由于外部因素造成的，则调整他们的期望 这项研究的结果将使我们更接近理解。 健康个体的语言处理系统如何在环境中实现如此有效的沟通 此外，了解这些噪声适应机制如何运作。 失语症将有助于开发失语症患者的治疗方法。